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Enemies among Us
Recent decades have drawn more attention to the United States'
treatment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Few people
realize, however, the extent of the country's relocation,
internment, and repatriation of German and Italian Americans, who
were interned in greater numbers than Japanese Americans. The
United States also assisted other countries, especially in Latin
America, in expelling \"dangerous\" aliens, primarily Germans. In
Enemies among Us John E. Schmitz examines the causes,
conditions, and consequences of America's selective relocation and
internment of its own citizens and enemy aliens, as well as the
effects of internment on those who experienced it. Looking at
German, Italian, and Japanese Americans, Schmitz analyzes the
similarities in the U.S. government's procedures for those they
perceived to be domestic and hemispheric threats, revealing the
consistencies in the government's treatment of these groups,
regardless of race. Reframing wartime relocation and internment
through a broader chronological perspective and considering
policies in the wider Western Hemisphere, Enemies among Us
provides new conclusions as to why the United States relocated,
interned, and repatriated both aliens and citizens considered
enemies.
eBook
Simulation-Based Tsunami Evacuation Training Framework Aimed at Avoiding the Negative Consequences of Using Cars
A framework utilizing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in tsunami evacuation training is proposed to counteract the adverse effects of evacuation by car despite the evacuation on foot principle during tsunamis. This approach involves tsunami evacuation simulation technology and Kiken Yochi (hazard prediction) training (KYT). The simulator was validated based on the insights acquired from Ishinomaki City residents who lived through the Great East Japan earthquake. Data were collected on safe evacuations in chaotic traffic situations, to create a quiz-like training application for traffic safety education. Training effectiveness was assessed using the simulator and KYT-based application, focusing on Nishio City, which is a projected tsunami target following a potential Nankai Trough earthquake. Most participants experiencing the simulator understood the drawbacks of using cars and were willing to evacuate on foot if a nearby safe place was accessible. However, some participants still opted for car evacuation despite acknowledging the risks. A comprehensive approach is required to achieve a significant reduction in car usage during evacuations. Application-oriented experiments indicated heightened situational awareness and hazard prediction among participants although no statistically significant differences in gaze duration were found. Further research is required to objectively and quantitatively evaluate the application’s impact on traffic safety.
Journal Article
Heartland : a historical drama about the internment of German-Americans in the United States during World War II
\"During World War II, the US government confined thousands of Japanese-, German- and Italian-Americans to isolated, fenced and guarded relocation centers known as internment camps. At the same time, it shipped foreign Prisoners of War captured overseas to the US for imprisonment. This book reflects on the intersection between these two historic events through the story of a German-born widow and her family who take in two German Prisoners of War to work their family farm. But the German-American family and the POWs bond too well for the townspeople to accept, and the widow is arrested, interned and eventually suffers a breakdown, which tears her family apart. Based on true stories, Heartland illustrates what can happen when fear and prejudice pit neighbor against neighbor in times of war. A dramatic tale that grants insights into American history, Heartland is a winner of the Dayton Playhouse FutureFest and a runner-up for the Kennedy Center American College Theatre Festival David Mark Cohen National Playwriting Award. \"The story is shocking; for me it was revelatory,\" wrote theatre critic Pat Launer. \"Deporting our own citizens? Who knew? But the play, while conveying historical information, is not in the slightest didactic. It's a family story, a tale of survival and acquiescence, of racism, of neighbor against neighbor. Not a pretty picture ... \" While it may be read for pleasure, this book also is a useful tool for exposing students to important lessons in history, politics, economics, sociology, psychology, women's studies and other academic disciplines\"--Page 4 of cover.
Book
An integrated routing and scheduling model for evacuation and commodity distribution in large-scale disaster relief operations: a case study
Every year natural and man-made disasters cause considerable human and economic losses. It is essential to prepare for different relief operations to prevent and reduce these losses. In this paper, we propose an integrated evacuation and distribution logistic system to obtain simultaneous routing and scheduling of vehicles to evacuate people from affected areas to shelters and provide them with necessary relief commodities. We assume that shelters and vehicles have limited capacity and the demand of each affected area and distribution center could be fulfilled by more than one vehicle (split delivery). The proposed problem is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model with the objective of minimization of the sum of arrival times of the vehicles at affected areas, shelters, and distribution centers. We also propose a Memetic Algorithm (MA) to solve this integrated model on large-scale problems efficiently after tuning the MA parameters using the Taguchi method. The proposed model and algorithm are used to solve a case study in Tehran, the capital of Iran. The evaluation of the results shows the effectiveness of the proposed disaster relief logistic system in minimizing the total waiting time of evacuees and delivery time of supplies. The results also show that the number of relief vehicles and capacity of shelters can considerably affect the total relief time in disaster relief operations.
Journal Article
Integrating Panic Behavior into Agent-Based Subway Evacuation Simulations
Subway systems are highly vulnerable to disasters because of their confined underground structures and limited evacuation routes, making accurate evacuation analysis essential for reducing casualties. Most existing studies overlook panic behavior, leading to unrealistic assessments of evacuation efficiency. This study develops a modeling framework that integrates panic behavior into agent-based subway evacuation simulations. The framework incorporates three behavioral factors: reaction delays to emergency cues, hesitation at decision points, and irrational route choices. Simulation experiments were conducted under different occupancy conditions, and results from panic-integrated and non-panic scenarios were compared. Findings show that the inclusion of panic significantly prolongs evacuation time, with delays of up to 30% in full-scale scenarios due to congestion and route errors. These outcomes demonstrate that panic behavior exerts a decisive influence on evacuation dynamics and should not be neglected in simulation studies. Incorporating panic into evacuation modeling provides a more realistic basis for designing safer subway systems and developing effective emergency response strategies.
Journal Article
Internet of Things-based intelligent evacuation protocol in libraries
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework of applying the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to the intelligent evacuation protocol in libraries at emergency situations.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted field investigations on eight libraries in Wuhan, China, analyzed the characteristics of crowd gathering in libraries and the problems of the libraries’ existing evacuation plans. Therefore, an IoT-based intelligent evacuation protocol in libraries was proposed. Its basic structure consisted of five components: the information base, the protocol base, the IoT sensors, the information fusion system and the intelligent evacuation protocol generation system. In the information fusion system, Dempster–Shafer (D-S) evidence theory was employed as the information fusion algorithm to fuse the multi-sensor information at multiple time points, so as to reduce the uncertainty of disaster prediction. The authors also conducted a case study on the Library L in Wuhan, China. A specific evacuation route was generated for a fire and the crowd evacuation was simulated by the software Patherfind.
Findings
The proposed IoT-based evacuation protocol has four distinguishing features: scenario corresponding, precise evacuation, dynamic correction and intelligent decision-making. The case study shows that the proposed protocol is feasible in practice, indicating that the IoT technologies have great potential to be successfully applied to the safety management in libraries.
Research limitations/implications
The software and hardware requirements as well as the Internet network requirements of IoT technologies need to be further discussed.
Practical implications
The proposed IoT-based intelligent evacuation protocol can be widely used in libraries, which is one of the inspirations for the use of IoT technologies in modern constructers.
Originality/value
The application of IoT technologies in libraries is a brand-new topic that has drawn much attention in academia recently. The crowd safety management in libraries is of great significance, and there is little professional literature on it. This paper proposes an IoT-based intelligent evacuation protocol, aiming at improving the safety management in libraries at emergency situations.
Journal Article