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"Eyeliner"
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Eyeliner : a cultural history
\"From the acclaimed editor of Our Women on the Ground comes a dazzling exploration of the intersections of beauty and power around the globe, told through the lens of an iconic cosmetic From the distant past to the present, with fingers and felt-tipped pens, metallic powders and gel pots, humans have been drawn to lining their eyes. The aesthetic trademark of figures ranging from Nefertiti to Amy Winehouse, eyeliner is one of our most enduring cosmetic tools; ancient royals and Gen Z beauty influencers alike would attest to its uniquely transformative power. It is undeniably fun-yet it is also far from frivolous. Seen through Zahra Hankir's (kohl-lined) eyes, this ubiquitous but seldom-examined product becomes a portal to history, proof both of the stunning variety among cultures across time and space and of our shared humanity. Through intimate reporting and conversations-with nomads in Chad, geishas in Japan, dancers in India, drag queens in New York, and more-Eyeliner embraces the rich history and significance of its namesake, especially among communities of color. What emerges is an unexpectedly moving portrait of a tool that, in various corners of the globe, can signal religious devotion, attract potential partners, ward off evil forces, shield eyes from the sun, transform faces into fantasies, and communicate volumes without saying a word. Delightful, surprising, and utterly absorbing, Eyeliner is a fascinating tour through streets, stages, and bedrooms around the world, and a thought-provoking reclamation of a key piece of our collective history\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The impact of eyeliner usage on dry eye symptoms
The objective of this study was to investigate whether eyeliner use is associated with an increase in dry eye symptoms. A survey was conducted to collect data on cosmetic usage and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores from a diverse public sample. Additionally, eyecare professionals were queried regarding their practice of inquiring about cosmetic use during patient consultations. The survey included specific questions about eyeliner application and the calculation of OSDI scores, with a score of 13 or higher indicating the presence of dry eye symptoms. Individuals who reported using eyeliner had a significantly higher rate of OSDI scores above 13 compared to non-users (42.93% vs. 33.38%,
p
< 0.001). Notably, subjects who applied eyeliner to the lid margins exhibited an even more pronounced increase in high OSDI scores (48.17%,
p
< 0.001). Furthermore, a significant proportion of patients (23.37%) expressed reluctance to discontinue cosmetic use when advised in medical contexts, while only 48.19% of healthcare providers routinely inquired about cosmetic use during patient consultations. The usage of eyeliner is associated with higher OSDI scores, underscoring the need for both eyecare practitioners and eyeliner users to be more cognizant of the potential impact of eyeliner on the ocular surface.
Journal Article
Rapid and non-destructive analysis of eye-cosmetics using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics
•Analysis of 60 samples of 28 different manufacturers of eyeliners using ATR-FTIR.•Analysis of 50 pink shades of 11 manufacturers of eyeshadows using ATR-FTIR.•PCA analysis for pattern recognition of data and PCA-LDA for classification purpose.•Calibration accuracy of 100% and 98% for eyeliners and eyeshadows respectively.•Validation accuracy of 97% and 97% for eyeliners and eyeshadows respectively.
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Cosmetic evidence recovered during crime investigations, particularly in cases of physical and sexual assault against women can be utilised as associative evidence in the court of law. This evidence can provide a link between the suspect, the victim, and the crime scene and assist in solving criminal cases. A mismatched profile of exhibit’s source of origin can also be utilised to definitely exclude the suspect exhibits. In the present study, ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy has been employed for the analysis of eye-cosmetics (eyeliner and eyeshadow) samples. Chemometric tool- PCA (principal component analysis) has been used for the recognition of patterns in the data. PCA-LDA (linear discriminant analysis) utilized for classification purpose showed calibration accuracy of 100% and 98% for eyeliner and eyeshadow respectively while validation result showed 97% and 97% respectively. Preliminary substrate study has been performed in the current study. Result suggests that substrates such as cotton cloth and tissue paper hinder the analysis of eyeliner while the stain of eyeshadow on substrates such as cotton cloth, tissue paper, glass, and plastic could be correctly matched with its parent source.
Journal Article
Investigating the effect of eye cosmetics on the tear film: current insights
Eye cosmetics are frequently applied among female populations of all age groups around the world. However, the migration of cosmetic products across the eyelid margin has been reported, and this is thought to exacerbate tear film instability and symptoms of dry eye. Furthermore, numerous adverse effects and complications have also been reported with eye cosmetic wear, and the associated inflammatory responses may potentially increase the propensity toward ocular surface disease development. Prospective studies have demonstrated that eyeliner application at the inner eyelash line is associated with higher levels of tear film contamination and ocular discomfort than application at the outer periocular skin. A recent randomized trial also highlighted the potential for eye cosmetic wear to compromise the efficacy of lipid-based dry eye supplements. This review outlines the current evidence base and understanding regarding the periocular migration of eye cosmetic products, the effects of cosmetic product contamination on tear film function, and the use of dry eye treatments in eye cosmetic wearers.
Journal Article
Advice-implicative Interrogatives: Building \Client-centered\ Support in a Children's Helpline
Interactional research on advice giving has described advice as normative and asymmetric. In this paper we examine how these dimensions of advice are softened by counselors on a helpline for children and young people through the use of questions. Through what we term \"advice-implicative interrogatives,\" counselors ask clients about the relevance or applicability of a possible future course of action. The allusion to this possible action by the counselor identifies it as normatively relevant, and displays the counselor's epistemic authority in relation to dealing with a client's problems. However, the interrogative format mitigates the normative and asymmetric dimensions typical of advice sequences by orienting to the client's epistemic authority in relation to their own lives, and delivering advice in a way that is contingent upon the client's accounts of their experiences, capacities, and understandings. The demonstration of the use of questions in advice sequences offers an interactional specification of the \"client-centered\" support that is characteristic of prevailing counseling practice. More specifically, it shows how the values of empowerment and child-centered practice, which underpin services such as Kids Helpline, are embodied in specific interactional devices. Detailed descriptions of this interactional practice offer fresh insights into the use of interrogatives in counseling contexts, and provide practitioners with new ways of thinking about, and discussing, their current practices.
Journal Article
Prosodic disambiguation of scopally ambiguous quantificational sentences in a discourse context
Researchers have long sought to determine the strength of the relation between prosody and the interpretation of scopally ambiguous sentences in English involving quantification and negation (e.g. All the men didn't go). While Jackendoff (1972) proposed a one-to-one mapping between sentence-final contour and the scope of negation (falling contour: narrow scope, fall-rise contour: wide scope), in subsequent work, researchers (e.g. Ladd 1980; Ward & Hirschberg 1985; Kadmon & Roberts 1986) disentangled the link between prosody and scope. Even though these pragmatic accounts predict variability in production, they still allow for some correlation between scope and prosody. To date, we lack systematic evidence to bear on this discussion. Here, we present findings from two perception experiments aimed at investigating whether prosodic information – including, but not limited to, sentence-final contour – can successfully disambiguate such sentences. We show that when speakers provide consistent auditory cues to sentential interpretation, hearers can successfully recruit these cues to arrive at the correct interpretation as intended by the speaker. In light of these results, we argue that psycholinguistic studies (including language acquisition studies) investigating participants' ability to access multiple interpretations of scopally ambiguous sentences – quantificational and otherwise – should carefully control for prosody.
Journal Article
Toxic effect of Cadmium found in eyeliner to the eye of a 21 year old Saudi woman: A case report
PurposeTo raise the issue of increased use of traditional medicine while the Tertiary care hospitals are available to provide the appropriate care for each clinical condition. Eyeliner (Kohl) is an Arabic word denoting a fine powder with a texture and appearance similar to mascara. It is usually worn on the lid margins or inside the conjunctival sac by Middle and Far Eastern and in East Africans populations for different purposes like beauty or religious and as a treatment for many eye diseases.SummaryWe report a case of a lady who put traditional locally prepared eyeliner in her eye that resulted in severe corneal edema and faint scaring. On toxicology analysis it was discovered to contain toxic levels of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb).ConclusionCd is a heavy toxic metal like Pb but has never been reported as a component of eyeliners. The most likely possible cause of the corneal clinical picture in our case is due to the toxic effect of Cd found in the traditional eyeliner (Kohl) used in Saudi Arabia.
Journal Article
Eye Cosmetics
This chapter gives a broad introduction to eye cosmetics. Mascara, eyeshadows, eyeliners and eyebrow cosmetics are presented along with the physiology of eyelashes and future trends in the category. Mascara is intended to darken, thicken, and lengthen the lashes to make them more noticeable. Careful selection of mascara film materials and new applicator technologies are enhancing women's abilities to quickly and effectively accentuate these characteristics. A new category, semi‐permanent mascara, has entered the market providing women with multiple days of long, dark lashes. Eyebrow cosmetics, eyeshadow and eyeliner round out the eye cosmetic category. New eye cosmetic products are being introduced that feature enhanced long wear, new applicator surfaces, novel color effects, sustainable natural materials, improved application, and even lash growth.
Book Chapter
Cosmetics Consumption and Use among Women: Ritualized Activities that Construct and Transform the Self
Human beauty is a cultural construct that involves facial and body attractiveness. One modification to appearance that is pervasive is the use of cosmetics. This paper explores the consumption of cosmetic products among women as a form of ritualized social comparison with others and as a means of giving women individual control. First, the findings of an in-store exploratory study of 77 female cosmetics consumers are related to social comparison and the process of identity construction. Second, the results of an in-depth observation! interview study of 12 female cosmetics consumers are used to elucidate the ritual and meaning of cosmetics consumption and its relation to individual identity. There is strong evidence to suggest that the ritualized acts of purchasing and using cosmetics serve to enhance personal identity construction and to give women a greater sense of cultural power and social agency in a postmodern world.
Journal Article