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This paper aims to investigate the mechanical properties of specimens printed by 3D open-source printers. It discusses the effect of five factors (part orientation, layer height, extrusion width, nozzle diameter, and filament temperature) on the ultimate tensile strength and the impact toughness of the 3D-printed samples. A 2 5–1 resolution V fractional factorial experiment was run with the 16 samples printed on a Prusa I3 MK3S in PLA. Tensile strength and impact toughness were tested using Instron 3367 and Tinius Olsen 66 testers, respectively. In analyzing the data, a normal probability plot of the effects complimented with ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) revealed that, for both responses, only part orientation was statistically significant at p  = 0 . 05. Regression equations were used to predict the ultimate tensile strength and the impact toughness as a function of the part orientation. Both the toughness response and the tensile strength response are maximized with horizontal part orientation. Verification experiments have been implemented to validate the adopted regression equations’ predictions under different circumstances, and the results of those experiments appear to confirm the model.

Cropping sequence experiments are getting more popularize in the recent era of agriculture. Here, estimation of main effects applied in every season as well as residual effect and their interaction with application in next season are important for consideration. The problem of maintaining homogeneity in application of large number of factors can be handle by considering a fraction of complete factorial effects. Also, a little work based on fractional factorial experiments are available in literature and those designs are computer specific as based on algorithm. This article develops a simple construction method for generation 12k2n i.e., factorial with fractional replicates which provides estimation of all main effects and two factor interactions between consecutive factors.

Background Implementation scientists increasingly recognize the value of multiple strategies to improve the adoption, fidelity, and scale up of an evidence-based intervention (EBI). However, with this recognition comes the need for alternative and innovative methods to ensure that the package of implementation strategies work well within constraints imposed by the need for affordability, scalability, and/or efficiency. The aim of this article is to illustrate that this can be accomplished by integrating principles of intervention optimization into implementation science. Method We use a hypothetical example to illustrate the application of the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) to develop and optimize a package of implementation strategies designed to improve clinic-level adoption of an EBI for smoking cessation. Results We describe the steps an investigative team would take using MOST for an implementation science study. For each of the three phases of MOST (preparation, optimization, and evaluation), we describe the selection, optimization, and evaluation of four candidate implementation strategies (e.g., training, treatment guide, workflow redesign, and supervision). We provide practical considerations and discuss key methodological points. Conclusion Our intention in this methodological article is to inspire implementation scientists to integrate principles of intervention optimization in their studies, and to encourage the continued advancement of this integration.

Purpose In a complex soil environment, competitive and environmental factors interact with individual traits to influence a plant’s root growth patterns and ability to compete for resources. Here, we examine how root growth of a focal plant, Plantago lanceolata L., responds to resource heterogeneity and to presence of two neighbor species, Centaurea jacea L.and Poa pratensis L. Methods A full factorial experiment tested the effects of nutrient heterogeneity, neighbors, and their interaction on root responses of Plantago . Roots in shared quadrants of a pot were harvested and quantified by qPCR for plants grown alone or with a neighbor, in patchy or even soil. The effects of experimental treatments on Plantago root mass distribution were tested with two-way ANOVA. Results When soil resources were evenly distributed, Plantago individuals increased root allocation to soil shared with a Centaurea neighbor but not a Poa neighbor. When soil resources were patchy, Plantago responded more strongly to Poa than to Centaurea , and placed more roots in the high-resource patch. Conclusions These results demonstrate that plants can respond differently to neighbors depending on species and that integrating multiple cues results in non-additive effects on root behavior.

Objectives Prior research indicates that public assessments of the manner in which the police exercise their authority are a key antecedent of judgments about the legitimacy of the police. In this study, the importance of context in influencing people's assessment of police wrongdoing is examined. Methods A randomized factorial experiment was used to test how respondents perceive and evaluate police-citizens interactions along a range of types of situations and encounters. 1,361 subjects were surveyed on factors hypothesized to be salient influences on how citizens perceive and evaluate citizen interactions with police. Subjects viewed videos of actual police-citizen encounters and were asked for their evaluations of these observed encounters. Contextual primes were used to focus subjects on particular aspects of the context within which the encounter occurs. Results Structural equation models revealed that social contextual framing factors, such as the climate of police-community relations and the legality of the stop that led to the encounter, influence citizen appraisals of police behavior with effects comparable in size to and even larger than demographic variables such as education, race, and income. Conclusions These results suggest that the understandings and perceptions that people bring to a situation are important determinants of their assessment of police fairness. The police can positively influence citizen interpretations of police actions by striving to create a climate of positive police-community relationships in cities.

Solar disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water stored in transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers to the sun for about 6 h of strong sunlight, after which the water is rendered safe for consumption. This study investigated the seasonal effect of reactor characteristics on the inactivation kinetics/constant of faecal coliforms by conducting a [2.sup.3] factorial experiment, involving two levels of PET bottle size, PET bottle thickness, and PET bottle rear surface, uniquely combined to form 8 SODIS reactors/experimental units. The faecal coliform population of hourly samples taken from the 8 SODIS reactors showed that the inactivation kinetics/constant depends on the irradiation energy and maximum water temperature as dictated by the reactor characteristics. The average rate constant of the reflective reactors (1.37 [+ or -] 0.43 [h.sup.-1]) was significantly better (p < 0.001) than the absorptive reactors (1.17 [+ or -] 0.59 [h.sup.-1]) between June and October. The average rate constant of the small PET bottles (1.73 [+ or -] 0.65 [h.sup.-1]) is significantly higher (p < 0.002) than the large PET bottles (1.46 [+ or -] 0.51 [h.sup.-1]) from December to May; while the average rate constant of the light PET bottles (1.58 [+ or -] 0.64 [h.sup.-1]) is significantly better (p < 0.001) than the thick PET bottles (1.41 [+ or -] 0.52 [h.sup.-1]) year-round. Analyses of results confirmed a two-way interaction effect between PET bottle size and PET bottle thickness and between PET bottle rear surface and PET bottle thickness for periods with average radiation intensity of 450-500 W x [m.sup.-2]. Although container size and thickness were the most significant factors, combining light PET bottles with absorptive rear-surface could extend the applicability of SODIS to regions that fall short of the recommended radiation intensity threshold of 500 W x [m.sup.-2] for 5 h.

Introduction Clinical practice guidelines are essential tools for standardizing medical practices and improving healthcare quality. However, current guideline implementation is unsatisfactory. Barriers to guideline implementation include external environmental factors (e.g., medical personnel, medical institutions, local policies) and intrinsic characteristics (e.g., context, format, language etc.), with the latter being addressable by optimizing the guidelines themselves. This study aims to develop an appraisal tool to promote effective guideline implementation. Existing guideline implementability appraisal tools lack a clear theoretical basis, evidence of reliability and validity, and/or empirically-based guidance for effective implementation, all of which will be addressed in this study. Methods and analysis The research is divided into four phases: (1) Generating a theoretical framework for guideline implementability (i.e., scoping review and concept analysis method); (2) Conducting a factorial experiment (i.e., guideline users simulate the use of different guideline versions to examine the relationship between constructs in the framework and implementability), and removing constructs with weak relationships to form the final implementability theoretical framework; (3) Generating dimensions and items for the guideline implementability appraisal tool based on the constructs in the theoretical framework, conducting comprehensive reliability and validity testing, usability testing, and iterative optimization according to the COSMIN guidelines; (4) Integrating the validated tool with the STAR guideline rating system for guideline appraisal and feedback to promote guideline implementability. Strengths and limitations (1) Our research will follow a standardized and rigorous process for developing measurement scales, ensuring that the resulting evaluation scale for the implementability of CPGs is theoretically grounded, internally consistent between theory and practice, and reliable and valid. (2) The theoretical framework developed in our study will strengthen the validity and rationality of constructs in the real world. (3) In the confirmatory factor analysis, this study will determine the dimensions and items’ weight through factor loadings, allowing for the quantification of the implementability of CPGs and providing users of the guidelines with objective evaluative results. In addition, the clinical practice guideline implementability evaluation tool developed in this study can assist guideline developers in enhancing implementability before, during, and after guideline formulation.

Abstract Multicomponent behavioral interventions developed using the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) framework offer important advantages over alternative intervention development models by focusing on outcomes within constraints relevant for effective dissemination. MOST consists of three phases: preparation, optimization, and evaluation. The preparation phase is critical to establishing the foundation for the optimization and evaluation phases; thus, detailed reporting is critical to enhancing rigor and reproducibility. A systematic review of published research using the MOST framework was conducted. A structured framework was used to describe and summarize the use of MOST terminology (i.e., preparation phase and optimization objective) and the presentation of preparation work, the conceptual model, and the optimization. Fifty-eight articles were reviewed and the majority focused on either describing the methodology or presenting results of an optimization trial (n = 38, 66%). Although almost all articles identified intervention components (96%), there was considerable variability in the degree to which authors fully described other elements of MOST. In particular, there was less consistency in use of MOST terminology. Reporting on the MOST preparation phase is varied, and there is a need for increased focus on explicit articulation of key design elements and rationale of the preparation phase. The proposed checklist for reporting MOST studies would significantly advance the use of this emerging methodology and improve implementation and dissemination of MOST. Accurate reporting is essential to reproducibility and rigor of scientific trials as it ensures future research fully understands not only the methodology, but the rationale for intervention and optimization decisions. The Multiphase Optimization Strategy is a research design framework with growing implementation. There is a need for standardized reporting guidelines to enhance reproducibility and rigor; the PREP-REP checklist provides guidance for researchers.

Although physical activity can mitigate disease trajectories and improve and sustain mental health, many people have become less physically active during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personal information technology, such as activity trackers and chatbots, can technically converse with people and possibly enhance their autonomous motivation to engage in physical activity. The literature on behavior change techniques (BCTs) and self-determination theory (SDT) contains promising insights that can be leveraged in the design of these technologies; however, it remains unclear how this can be achieved. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a chatbot system that improves the user's autonomous motivation for walking based on BCTs and SDT. First, we aimed to develop and evaluate various versions of a chatbot system based on promising BCTs. Second, we aimed to evaluate whether the use of the system improves the autonomous motivation for walking and the associated factors of need satisfaction. Third, we explored the support for the theoretical mechanism and effectiveness of various BCT implementations. We developed a chatbot system using the mobile apps Telegram (Telegram Messenger Inc) and Google Fit (Google LLC). We implemented 12 versions of this system, which differed in 3 BCTs: goal setting, experimenting, and action planning. We then conducted a feasibility study with 102 participants who used this system over the course of 3 weeks, by conversing with a chatbot and completing questionnaires, capturing their perceived app support, need satisfaction, physical activity levels, and motivation. The use of the chatbot systems was satisfactory, and on average, its users reported increases in autonomous motivation for walking. The dropout rate was low. Although approximately half of the participants indicated that they would have preferred to interact with a human instead of the chatbot, 46.1% (47/102) of the participants stated that the chatbot helped them become more active, and 42.2% (43/102) of the participants decided to continue using the chatbot for an additional week. Furthermore, the majority thought that a more advanced chatbot could be very helpful. The motivation was associated with the satisfaction of the needs of competence and autonomy, and need satisfaction, in turn, was associated with the perceived system support, providing support for SDT underpinnings. However, no substantial differences were found across different BCT implementations. The results provide evidence that chatbot systems are a feasible means to increase autonomous motivation for physical activity. We found support for SDT as a basis for the design, laying a foundation for larger studies to confirm the effectiveness of the selected BCTs within chatbot systems, explore a wider range of BCTs, and help the development of guidelines for the design of interactive technology that helps users achieve long-term health benefits.

Factorial experiment within randomized complete block design using three replication for field comparison performance slatted and general-purpose moldboard plow. Using least significant design (LSD) 1 % and 5 % was used to compare the mean of treatments. Three factors were used, the first one was depths of tillage 15 and 25 cm, the second was speed of tractor 4.146 and 7.224 km/hr, and the third factor was types of moldboard, slatted and general-purpose moldboard. Slatted moldboard recorded the least slippage of 9.697 %, the fuel consumption of 23.580 L/ha and higher effective field capacity of 0.4239 ha/hr, and field efficiency of 72.543 %. Depth of tillage 15 cm got the least slippage of 6.364 %, fuel consumption of 20.182 L/ha and higher and higher effective field capacity of 0.4402 ha/hr, and field efficiency of 74.187 %. Speed 7.224 km/hr got least fuel consumption 22.939 L/ha and a higher adequate field capacity of 0.5246 ha/hr. Interaction between treatments had a significant effect.