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\"Ferns are renowned for their diversity and shade tolerance. But these captivating foliage plants can also play many different roles in the garden. They add rich texture and detail to shady landscapes, and are perfect for softening edges and creating pleasing transitions. Their often brilliantly colored new fronds delight the eye with tones of green, gold, bronze, and copper. In this lushly photographed gudie Richie Steffen and Sue Olsen offer astute advice on how to get the most out of these versatile plants and highlight the most rewarding varieties.\"--Provided by publisher.

Details of new records for Killarney Fern (Vandenboschia speciosa synonym Trichomanes speciosum) are presented. A new site for the Killarney Fern sporophyte in Co. Clare was found by the author. Site details including habitat information are presented, however the specific location of Killarney fern populations found are withheld in the interest of conservation. Other findings of note including new localities for Killarney Fern gametophyte generation and Tunbridge Filmy-fern (Hymenophyllum tunbrigense) are described.

\"The Complete Book of Ferns is filled with botanical information, indoor and outdoor growing and care information, details on propagation, display ideas, and even craft projects. This gorgeous book is authored by Mobee Weinstein, the Foreman of Gardeners at the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx and a veteran guest on the Martha Stewart Living TV show and other media outlets. Houseplants in general are in ascendance, but no category is hotter than ferns. From the otherworldly Staghorns-mounted like antler trophies in homes throughout the world-to the classic Boston Ferns and newer varieties like Crispy Wave, ferns are definitely back in fashion. And to no one's surprise. After all, ferns are among the very oldest plants on the planet, with a long and storied history. There are tens of thousands of known varieties of ferns. In the Victorian Era, ferns created an absolute craze for more than 50 years. They re-emerged as integral home dâecor accessories in the '50s and '60s, and who didn't spend time in a \"Fern Bar\" back in the '80s? And they are back again. This comprehensive reference starts its examination of ferns 400 million years ago, when the first species of this group of spore-reproducing plants appeared on Earth, exploring their evolution and eventual incorporation into human culture, including the powers associated with them and their practical and ornamental uses. Then, after an exploration of fern botany-its parts, how it grows, its variability in size and form, habitats, propagation, etc.-you'll learn how to green you indoor and outdoor environments with ferns. Every aspect of fern care is covered: potting/planting, watering, fertilizing, pest and disease control, and more. With this knowledge absorbed, explore creative planting projects, like terrariums, vertical gardens (living walls), mixed tabletop gardens, and moss baskets. To make your survey of ferns complete, create pressed fern art, fabric wall hangings with chlorophyll-stained designs, cyanotypes, and hand-made fern-decorated paper. In the end, you will understand why this ancient plant class continues to be all the rage\"-- Provided by publisher.

Background and AimsThroughout the history of fern classification, familial and generic concepts have been highly labile. Many classifications and evolutionary schemes have been proposed during the last two centuries, reflecting different interpretations of the available evidence. Knowledge of fern structure and life histories has increased through time, providing more evidence on which to base ideas of possible relationships, and classification has changed accordingly. This paper reviews previous classifications of ferns and presents ideas on how to achieve a more stable consensus.ScopeAn historical overview is provided from the first to the most recent fern classifications, from which conclusions are drawn on past changes and future trends. The problematic concept of family in ferns is discussed, with a particular focus on how this has changed over time. The history of molecular studies and the most recent findings are also presented.Key ResultsFern classification generally shows a trend from highly artificial, based on an interpretation of a few extrinsic characters, via natural classifications derived from a multitude of intrinsic characters, towards more evolutionary circumscriptions of groups that do not in general align well with the distribution of these previously used characters. It also shows a progression from a few broad family concepts to systems that recognized many more narrowly and highly controversially circumscribed families; currently, the number of families recognized is stabilizing somewhere between these extremes. Placement of many genera was uncertain until the arrival of molecular phylogenetics, which has rapidly been improving our understanding of fern relationships. As a collective category, the so-called ‘fern allies’ (e.g. Lycopodiales, Psilotaceae, Equisetaceae) were unsurprisingly found to be polyphyletic, and the term should be abandoned. Lycopodiaceae, Selaginellaceae and Isoëtaceae form a clade (the lycopods) that is sister to all other vascular plants, whereas the whisk ferns (Psilotaceae), often included in the lycopods or believed to be associated with the first vascular plants, are sister to Ophioglossaceae and thus belong to the fern clade. The horsetails (Equisetaceae) are also members of the fern clade (sometimes inappropriately called ‘monilophytes’), but, within that clade, their placement is still uncertain. Leptosporangiate ferns are better understood, although deep relationships within this group are still unresolved. Earlier, almost all leptosporangiate ferns were placed in a single family (Polypodiaceae or Dennstaedtiaceae), but these families have been redefined to narrower more natural entities.ConclusionsConcluding this paper, a classification is presented based on our current understanding of relationships of fern and lycopod clades. Major changes in our understanding of these families are highlighted, illustrating issues of classification in relation to convergent evolution and false homologies. Problems with the current classification and groups that still need study are pointed out. A summary phylogenetic tree is also presented. A new classification in which Aspleniaceae, Cyatheaceae, Polypodiaceae and Schizaeaceae are expanded in comparison with the most recent classifications is presented, which is a modification of those proposed by Smith et al. (2006, 2008) and Christenhusz et al. (2011). These classifications are now finding a wider acceptance and use, and even though a few amendments are made based on recently published results from molecular analyses, we have aimed for a stable family and generic classification of ferns.

The editors, authors, and readers are immensely grateful for their thoughtfulness and expertise that have served our journal well. Maryam Mohamed Abdelkarim Zainab Abedin Noura Abul-husn Erin Abu-Rish Blakeney Edna Acosta-Pérez Joan Adamo Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola Monica L. Albertie Leah Alexander Ayham Alkhachroum Emily Anderson Nicholas Anderson Bo Angelin Eric A. Apaydin Joyce Balls-Berry Lauren Balmert Shweta Bansal Gerhard Bauer Sarah Beachy L. Michelle Bennett Gordon R. Bernard Laura Mari Beskow Adil E. Bharucha Pamela Bhatti Jason T. Blackard Irene Blanco Peter Blankestijn Liz Bloss Henry Michael Blumberg Elaine A. Borawski L. Ebony Boulware Barrett Bowling Donita Brady Allan R. Brasier Ann Brearley Guy Brock Dana Burshell John B. Buse Heather M. Bush Joan Butler Alison Caballero Gina Nicole Calco Karen Calhoun Kenzie A. Cameron Maribel Campos Felicia Caples Anne Cappola Molly Carnes Karen K. Carter Lori Carter-Edwards Eida Castro David Center David Chambers Esther Chang Alex Cheng Shimul Chowdhury Nichelle L. Cobb Barry Coller Maricarmen Colon Michael Conway Dan Michael Cooper Linda Cottler Jennifer Croker Stephen Crowley Paula Croxson John Cullen Andrew Dahlem Denise Daudelin Gaurav Dave Karina Davidson James Davis Mike DeBaun Willard Dere Gayathri Devi Deborah DiazGranados Mark Dignan Aileen Dinkjian Aalap Doshi Ann M. Dozier Steven Dubinett Ron Duran Nicholas Durr Carrie Dykes Milton Mickey Eder Terri L. Edwards Mark Effron Ronit Elk Vicki L. Ellingrod Felicity T. Enders John F. Ennever Estela Estape Julio Facelli Layla Fattah Jessica M. Faupel-Badger David Feola Steven Fiore Gary S. Firestein Kevin Fiscella Garret Fitzgerald Elizabeth Flood-Grady Patrick Flume Mona N. Fouad Deborah M. Fournier Floyd Fowler Caroline Freitag John A. Gallis Sunanda Gaur Saeid Ghavami Kristine Glauber Kelly Gleason Sarah L. Goff Mitzi Gonzales Ramkiran Gouripeddi Tom Greene Kevin Grumbach Angela Haczku Perry Halushka Brett Harnett Paul A. Harris Kevin Harter Karen Hartman Sarah Hawley Tara Helmer Stuart Henderson Andi Hess Katelyn Holliday John Horigan Grant Huang Yuan Huang Shawna V. Hudson Joe Hunt Rebecca D. Jackson Laura P. James Dushyantha Jayaweera Carolynn Thomas Jones Cathleen Kane Nick Kenyon Lisa M. Klesges Jacqueline Knapke Ann R. Knebel Andrew Knighton H. Robert Kolb Michael Konstan Karen L. Kopicko Rhonda G. Kost Crystal Krause Jack Kues Bethany M. Kwan Beth LaPensee Bernard LaSalle Elyse Lasser Jerold Last Bethany Laursen Colleen E. Lawrence MinJae Lee Aaron L. Leppin Christopher Lindsell Mike Linke On-Yee (Amy) Lo Janet Long Gaetano Romano Lotrecchiano Tammy L. Loucks Vashisht Madabhushi Eric Mah Jane Mahoney Tabassum Majid James Marcin Eve L. Marion Doreen E. Martinez Karen G. Martinez Kate Marusina Tanya Mathew Wayne T. McCormack Richard McGee Aileen McGinn Kate McGlone West Julie P. McKeel Linda McManus Amanda McMillan Emma Anne Meagher Valentina Medici Paul Meissner Robin Mermelstein Allison Metz Frederick J. Meyers Lloyd Michener Marsha Michie Sean Mooney Cynthia Morris Jessica Mozersky Timothy F. Murphy Leslie A. Musshafen Marjorie Neidecker Jason J. Nichols Daniel Nishijima Marie K. Norman Keith C. Norris George T. OʼConnor Robert A. Oster Drew Paine Angela L. Palmer-Wackerly John Parant Richard Parish Susan R. Passmore Cecilia Patino-Sutton Thomas Patterson Margaret Paul Thomas Pearson Clara M. Pelfrey Kristina Petersen Tricia Piechowski Michael Pilinger Rubin Pillay Roy Poblete Jordan Poll Leah Pope Jane Powers Jill M. Pulley Susan Pusek Andrew Quanbeck Julie Rainwater Rose Marie Ramos Damayanthi (Dayan) Ranwala David Redden Heather Reisinger Rachel Richesson Marisa Rinkus Marylyn D. Ritchie Alyssa Robillard Shari Rogal Betsy Rolland Mario Rotondi Doris Rubio Eduardo Salas Maritza Salazar Campo Elias Samuels Lauren Sankary Fernando Santana Margaret Schneider Alexandra Scholze Andrea Scott Gabriel Shaibi Prabhu Shankar Jackilen Shannon Paula Smailes Andrew Smith William Smoyer Patricia Soranno Christine Sorkness Venkatesan Srinivasan Kimber Stanhope Louisa Stark Justin Starren Scott Steele Jane Steinberg Elizabeth Stevens Kathleen R. Stevens John F. Stevenson Daniel Stokols Kimberly Summers Mark Supiano Kathy Sward Mahanaz Syed Teresa Taft Laneshia Tague Holly Taylor Nathan Tesch Beth B. Tigges Hendry Ton Robert Toto Jason Umans Joseph M. Unger Apurva Uniyal Randy Urban Melissa Valerio Cheryl Vaughan Roger D. Vaughan Joao Ricardo Vissoci Alfred Vitale Boris Volkov Yianna Vovides Kavishwar Wagholikar Russ Waitman Kyle Walsh Molly Wasko Karriem Watson Karen Weavers Fern Webb Anne Marie Weber-Main Kevin Weinfurt Lisa C. Welch Leah J. Welty Karen Wilson Anthony Windebank Robyn Woodward-Kron Kevin Wooten Juli Wu Theodore Wun Yaomin Xu Joel Yager Fei Yu Adrienne Zell Nanhua Zhang

Tma12, isolated from the fern Tectaria macrodonta, is a next-generation insecticidal protein. Transgenic cotton expressing Tma12 exhibits resistance against whitefly and viral diseases. Beside its insecticidal property, the structure and function of Tma12 are unknown. This limits understanding of the insecticidal mechanism of the protein and targeted improvement in its efficacy. Here we report the amino acid sequence analysis and the crystal structure of Tma12, suggesting that it is possibly a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) of the AA10 family. Amino acid sequence of Tma12 shows 45% identity with a cellulolytic LPMO of Streptomyces coelicolor. The crystal structure of Tma12, obtained at 2.2 Å resolution, possesses all the major structural characteristics of AA10 LPMOs. A H₂O₂-based enzymatic assay also supports this finding. It is the first report of the occurrence of LPMO-like protein in a plant. The two facts that Tma12 possesses insecticidal activity and shows structural similarity with LPMOs collectively advocate exploration of microbial LPMOs for insecticidal potential.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Understanding fern (monilophyte) phylogeny and its evolutionary timescale is critical for broad investigations of the evolution of land plants, and for providing the point of comparison necessary for studying the evolution of the fern sister group, seed plants. Molecular phylogenetic investigations have revolutionized our understanding of fern phylogeny, however, to date, these studies have relied almost exclusively on plastid data. METHODS: Here we take a curated phylogenomics approach to infer the first broad fern phylogeny from multiple nuclear loci, by combining broad taxon sampling (73 ferns and 12 outgroup species) with focused character sampling (25 loci comprising 35 877 bp), along with rigorous alignment, orthology inference and model selection. KEY RESULTS: Our phylogeny corroborates some earlier inferences and provides novel insights; in particular, we find strong support for Equisetales as sister to the rest of ferns, Marattiales as sister to leptosporangiate ferns, and Dennstaedtiaceae as sister to the eupolypods. Our divergence-time analyses reveal that divergences among the extant fern orders all occurred prior to ~200 MYA. Finally, our species-tree inferences are congruent with analyses of concatenated data, but generally with lower support. Those cases where species-tree support values are higher than expected involve relationships that have been supported by smaller plastid datasets, suggesting that deep coalescence may be reducing support from the concatenated nuclear data. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the utility of a curated phylogenomics approach to inferring fern phylogeny, and highlights the need to consider underlying data characteristics, along with data quantity, in phylogenetic studies.