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Forensic Medicine in Western Society
The first book of its kind, Forensic Medicine in Western Society: A History draws on the most recent developments in the historiography, to provide an overview of the history of forensic medicine in the West from the medieval period to the present day. Taking an international, comparative perspective on the changing nature of the relationship between medicine, law and society, it examines the growth of medico-legal ideas, institutions and practices in Britain, Europe (principally France, Italy and Germany) and the United States.
Following a thematic structure within a broad chronological framework, the book focuses on practitioners, the development of notions of ‘expertise’ and the rise of the expert, the main areas of the criminal law to which forensic medicine contributed, medical attitudes towards the victims and perpetrators of crime, and the wider influences such attitudes had. It thus develops an understanding of how medicine has played an active part in shaping legal, political and social change.
Including case studies which provide a narrative context to tie forensic medicine to the societies in which it was practiced, and a further reading section at the end of each chapter, Katherine D. Watson creates a vivid portrait of a topic of relevance to social historians and students of the history of medicine, law and crime.
Contents Introduction 1. The Legal Inheritance 2. Medico-Legal Practice before the Modern Period 3. Experts and Expertise 4. Criminal Responsibility and the Insanity Defence 5. The Medicalization of Deviance 6. Twentieth-Century Developments in Forensic Medicine and Science Bibliography.
eBook
Medico-legal identification of unidentified bodies and missing persons in Milan and Paris: a comparative institutional study
The challenges and methodologies associated with reporting missing persons and identifying unidentified bodies, including migrants and domestic deaths, widely vary worldwide. This comparative study delves into the medico-legal practices and legislative frameworks in Italy and France, specifically focusing on the cities of Milan and Paris and highlights the disparities and similarities in the processes and legislative environments of both countries. The ultimate aim is to propose improvements to existing methods and advocate for a more unified approach within Europe, recognizing the shared challenges and the need for concerted efforts in upholding the dignity of the deceased and providing closure for affected families. This study uses Milan and Paris as case examples to highlight the need for improved interconnectivity and procedural alignment in forensic identification across national and European jurisdictions, potentially anchored in internationally recognized frameworks, such as INTERPOL’s Disaster Victim Identification protocol. This work indeed reveals that, while national and regional systems are in place for managing these cases, there are significant limitations in terms of interconnectivity, resource allocation, and management of data. The effectiveness of these systems, considering the high number of cases in large cities and the different scientific, administrative and legal variables involved is then discussed. The paper also provides a detailed analysis of the medico-legal procedures and the involvement of multiple professional disciplines in the identification process, emphasizing the multi-faceted nature of this work. The importance of collaborative strategies and shared practices at a supranational level to address the complex challenges in identifying missing persons and unknown bodies is underlined. The findings from Milan and Paris serve as a microcosm to understand broader patterns, offering insights that could inform global practices.
Journal Article
Criteria for age estimation in living individuals
This paper presents updated recommendations of the Study Group on Forensic Age Diagnostics for age estimations in living individuals in criminal proceedings. In order to increase the diagnostic accuracy and to improve the identification of age-relevant developmental disorders, a physical examination, an X-ray examination of the left hand, as well as a dental examination including the determination of the dental status and an X-ray of the dentition should be performed in each case. If the skeletal development of the hand is completed, an additional radiological examination of the clavicles should be carried out. Minimum requirements for reference studies are defined and recommendable studies are listed. Instructions for the examination and the preparation of expert reports are presented. The committee of the study group organizes annual proficiency tests for quality assurance.
Journal Article
Advancement and the existing landscape of forensic medicine in Africa: A comparison with developed countries
This article explores the development and challenges of forensic medicine in Africa, comparing it to developed countries. It addresses limited resources, funding, and a shortage of trained professionals. The growth of forensic investigation capabilities and the challenges of funding and technology access are discussed. Training and education have improved, but disparities remain. Partnerships with developed countries and international organizations are crucial to bridge the gap. A comprehensive legal framework is important, but disparities exist among African countries. Harmonizing forensic laws would enhance cooperation. The role of forensic medicine in the criminal justice system is examined, emphasizing the need to build trust in forensic evidence. International collaboration and capacity building are key to advancing forensic medicine in Africa. Investments in infrastructure, funding, training, and legal frameworks are required. By leveraging partnerships, Africa can develop its forensic medicine capabilities for a fair and effective criminal justice system.
Journal Article
Death investigation in America : coroners, medical examiners, and the pursuit of medical certainty
Why is the American system of death investigation so inconsistent and inadequate? In this unique political and cultural history, Jeffrey Jentzen draws on archives, interviews, and his own career as a medical examiner to look at the way that a long-standing professional and political rivalry controls public medical knowledge and public health.
eBook
Between clinical and forensic imaging : Differences, similarities and legal framework
Clinical imaging uses a variety of medical imaging techniques to diagnose and monitor diseases, injuries and other health conditions. These include X‑ray images, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound. These procedures are used to make accurate diagnoses and plan the best possible treatment for patients. Forensic imaging, in contrast, is used in both living and deceased persons in the context of criminal investigations. Postmortem forensic imaging techniques, such as postmortem CT (PMCT) and postmortem CT angiography (PMCTA), include some of the same procedures used in clinical imaging. An important difference between clinical and forensic imaging is the purpose and context in which the imaging studies are used. In addition, radiological procedures, such as angiography, need to be adapted and modified in the post-mortem setting. From a legal perspective clinical and forensic imaging must strictly adhere to privacy and procedural guidelines. Forensic images often need to be admissible as evidence in court, which places specific requirements on the quality, authenticity and documentation of images. In the case of living individuals, there must be a valid indication and consent from the patient. Consent must also fundamentally be obtained for post-mortem examinations, e.g. from the public prosecutor's office.
Journal Article
Intimate partner violence and witnessing domestic violence: medico-legal implications, standards of proof, and institutional duties
This editorial accompanies the comprehensive review on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Witnessing Domestic Violence (WDV) published in this issue, with a focus on their medico-legal implications. It highlights how clinical consequences - ranging from chronic pain syndromes to psychiatric sequelae - must be translated into legally cognizable injuries through rigorous forensic evaluation. Particular attention is given to the recognition of children as 'primary victims' of WDV, the evidentiary value of medical documentation, the duties of healthcare professionals under mandatory reporting frameworks, and the quantification of psychological harm in civil compensation. The discussion also considers institutional liability for omissions, the reciprocal expectations between clinicians and courts, and the research priorities necessary to align public health and justice. Ultimately, IPV and WDV must be understood as violations of fundamental rights that demand integration of clinical expertise, forensic rigor, and legal accountability.
Journal Article
Frequent and rare complications of resuscitation attempts
Introduction
Resuscitation attempts require invasive iatrogenic manipulations on the patient. On the one hand, these measures are essential for survival, but on the other hand can damage the patient and thus contain a significant violation risk of both medical and forensic relevance for the patient and the physician. We differentiate between frequent and rare resuscitation-related injuries. Factors of influence are duration and intensity of the resuscitation attempts, sex and age of the patient as well as an anticoagulant medication.
Materials and methods
Review of current literature and report on autopsy cases from our institute (approximately 1,000 autopsies per year).
Results
Frequent findings are lesions of tracheal structures and bony chest fractures. Rare injuries are lesions of pleura, pericardium, myocardium and other internal organs as well as vessels, intubation-related damages of neural and cartilaginous structures in the larynx and perforations of abdominal organs such as liver, stomach and spleen.
Conclusion
We differentiate between frequent and rare complications. The risk of iatrogenic CPR-related trauma is even present with adequate execution of CPR measures and should not question the employment of proven medical techniques.
Journal Article