Explore the vast range of titles available.

In this case-control study, the main risk factors for atrophic gastritis (AG) were comprehensively analyzed in a real-world environment to identify potential risk factors associated with garlic intake and its effects on AG. Design Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and pathological examination were performed as part of a gastric cancer screening and health check-up program. The detailed characteristics of both the case group and healthy control group were recorded and analyzed. All participants were fasted for at least 4 h and a urea breath test13C-UBT) was performed in all participants at rest. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed and presented as the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidential interval (CI), with additional subgroup analysis stratified by infectious state based on the presence, eradication or absence of H. pylori. Setting Gansu Province in China. Participants 10,035 people from Gansu Province in China were included. Among 7,058 participants, 4,712 (66.8%) had AG. Garlic intake was a significant risk factor for AG in participants currently (infected state) or previously (eradicated state) infected with H. pylori (OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.06–1.83; OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.01–1.32). Garlic intake was not significantly associated with AG in participants without H. pylori’ s infection (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.88–1.46). The association between garlic intake and AG differed by H. pylori infectious state. People in the infected or eradicated states are at a higher risk for AG associated with garlic intake. Diet may regulate the pathogenic role of H. pylori and intestinal flora.

Although experimental studies suggested beneficial role of garlic intake on colorectal carcinogenesis, limited prospective cohort studies have evaluated garlic intake in relation to colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence. We followed 76,208 women in the Nurses’ Health Study and 45,592 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study for up to 24 years and examined garlic intake and garlic supplement use in relation to CRC risk. Information on garlic intake and supplement use was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and a Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the multivariable hazard ratio (MV-HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). We documented 2368 (1339 women and 1029 men) incident CRC cases and found no association between garlic intake and CRC risk; the MV-HRs (95% CIs) associated with garlic (1 clove or 4 shakes per serving) intake ≥1/day compared with <1/month were 1.21 (0.94–1.57; p-trend=0.14) for women and 1.00 (0.71–1.42; p-trend=0.89) for men. The MV-HRs (95% CIs) of CRC for garlic supplement use, which was used in 6% of the participants in each study, were 0.72 (0.48–1.07) for women and 1.22 (0.83–1.78) for men. Our prospective data do not support an important role of garlic intake or garlic supplement use in colorectal carcinogenesis.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the current major health crisis in the world. A successful strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic is the improvement of nutritional pattern. Garlic is one of the most efficient natural antibiotics against the wide spectrum of viruses and bacteria. Organosulfur (e.g., allicin and alliin) and flavonoid (e.g., quercetin) compounds are responsible for immunomodulatory effects of this healthy spice. The viral replication process is accelerated with the main structural protease of SARS-CoV-2. The formation of hydrogen bonds between this serine-type protease and garlic bioactives in the active site regions inhibits the COVID-19 outbreak. The daily dietary intake of garlic and its derived-products as an adjuvant therapy may improve side effects and toxicity of the main therapeutic drugs with reducing the used dose.

Aged black garlic (ABG) is a functional food with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies also report its beneficial metabolic effects in a context of obesity or diabetes, although the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of an ABG extract in the vascular and metabolic alterations induced by a high-fat/sucrose diet in rats. For this purpose, male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed either a standard chow (controls; n = 12) or a high-fat/sucrose diet (HFD; n = 24) for 16 weeks. From week 8 on, half of the HFD rats were treated with a commercial ABG extract concentrated in S-allyl cysteine and melanoidins (ABG10+®; 250 mg/kg daily by gavage; 5 mL/kg). ABG10+®-treated rats showed lower mean caloric intake, body weight, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), insulin and leptin serum concentrations and higher high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and adiponectin serum concentrations than non-treated rats. In the hypothalamus, ABG10+® treatment induced an increase in the gene expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and a decrease in leptin receptor (ObR) mRNA levels. No significant changes were found in visceral adipose tissue except for an overexpression of β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-ADR) in ABG-treated rats. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, ABG10+® treatment decreased adipose weight and downregulated the gene expression of PPAR-γ, LPL, ObR and HSL. In brown adipose tissue, an overexpression of InsR, GLUT-4, UCP-1 and β3-ADR in ABG10+®-treated rats was found, whereas PPAR-γ mRNA levels were significantly decreased. Regarding vascular function, ABG10+® treatment attenuated the obesity-induced vasoconstriction in response to potassium chloride both in presence/absence of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). On the contrary, aorta segments from ABG-treated rats showed and improved relaxation in response to acetylcholine only when PVAT was present, with this fact possible being related to the decreased gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in this tissue. In conclusion, ABG10+® administration partially improves the metabolic and vascular alterations induced by a high-fat/high-sucrose diet in rats through modifications in the gene expression of proteins and neuropeptides involved in inflammation, fat metabolism and food intake regulation. Further studies are required to assess the bioavailability of ABG between rats and humans.

The consumption of garlic is inversely correlated with the progression of cardiovascular disease, although the responsible mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that human RBCs convert garlic-derived organic polysulfides into hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), an endogenous cardioprotective vascular cell signaling molecule. This H₂S production, measured in real time by a novel polarographic H₂S sensor, is supported by glucose-maintained cytosolic glutathione levels and is to a large extent reliant on reduced thiols in or on the RBC membrane. H₂S production from organic polysulfides is facilitated by allyl substituents and by increasing numbers of tethering sulfur atoms. Allyl-substituted polysulfides undergo nucleophilic substitution at the α carbon of the allyl substituent, thereby forming a hydropolysulfide (RSnH), a key intermediate during the formation of H₂S. Organic polysulfides (R-Sn-R'; n > 2) also undergo nucleophilic substitution at a sulfur atom, yielding RSnH and H₂S. Intact aorta rings, under physiologically relevant oxygen levels, also metabolize garlic-derived organic polysulfides to liberate H₂S. The vasoactivity of garlic compounds is synchronous with H₂S production, and their potency to mediate relaxation increases with H₂S yield, strongly supporting our hypothesis that H₂S mediates the vasoactivity of garlic. Our results also suggest that the capacity to produce H₂S can be used to standardize garlic dietary supplements.

The present study was designed to find the effect of ginger and garlic on the performance and integrity of gut in experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chickens. A total of two hundred and forty day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were divided into six equal groups as following: T1, Control (basal diet only); T2, Infected-untreated (positive control); T3, Infected and supplemented with garlic at 15 g/kg feed; T4, Infected and supplemented with gingers at 5 g/kg feed; T5, Infected and treated with amprolium hydrochloride at 1.25 g/liter drinking water; T6, Infected and supplemented with mixture of garlic and ginger at the rate of 2.5 and 7.5 g/kg feed. The results showed that feed intake, body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (P < .05) high in ginger and garlic supplemented birds compared to the positive control. Similarly, oocysts shedding, lesion score and histopathology of the small intestines improved in ginger and garlic supplemented birds after induced-infection in broiler. The findings of the present study showed that ginger and garlic produced encouraging results in comparison to amprolium in broiler chickens infected with experimental coccidiosis.

The subjective nature of self-reported dietary intake assessment methods presents numerous challenges to obtaining accurate dietary intake and nutritional status. This limitation can be overcome by the use of dietary biomarkers, which are able to objectively assess dietary consumption (or exposure) without the bias of self-reported dietary intake errors. The need for dietary biomarkers was addressed by the Institute of Medicine, who recognized the lack of nutritional biomarkers as a knowledge gap requiring future research. The purpose of this article is to review existing literature on currently available dietary biomarkers, including novel biomarkers of specific foods and dietary components, and assess the validity, reliability and sensitivity of the markers. This review revealed several biomarkers in need of additional validation research; research is also needed to produce sensitive, specific, cost-effective and noninvasive dietary biomarkers. The emerging field of metabolomics may help to advance the development of food/nutrient biomarkers, yet advances in food metabolome databases are needed. The availability of biomarkers that estimate intake of specific foods and dietary components could greatly enhance nutritional research targeting compliance to national recommendations as well as direct associations with disease outcomes. More research is necessary to refine existing biomarkers by accounting for confounding factors, to establish new indicators of specific food intake, and to develop techniques that are cost-effective, noninvasive, rapid and accurate measures of nutritional status.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementation of garlic, ginger and their combination in the diets of broiler chickens and assessment in terms of feed intake, growth performance and economics of feeding. A total of 240 1-day-old Cobb-400 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments each with three replicates of 20 chicks per replicate (n=60). Four experimental diets were formulated in such a way that control diet (T1) contained neither ginger nor garlic. While, birds in group T2 and T3 were fed with diets containing 1% garlic and ginger, respectively. Diet 4 (T4 group) contained a combination of 1% of garlic and ginger. The feeding experiment was carried out for 42 days, and different parameters evaluated includes feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, gut morphometry, and economics of feeding in terms of return over feed cost (ROFC) and European Performance Efficiency Index. Feed intake of experimental birds in ginger and mixture of garlic and ginger supplemented groups, i.e., T3 and T4 groups have significantly (p<0.05) higher feed intake as compared to control. While, feeding of garlic have non-significant effect on feed intake as compared to other groups. A body weight gain (g/bird) was found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in garlic (T2 group) and ginger (T3 group) supplemented group as compare to control and garlic and ginger mixture supplemented group (T4 group). Feed conversion ratio was significantly (p<0.05) lower in ginger (T3 group) supplemented group as compare to other groups. Mean villi length, villi width and cryptal depth were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 group than rest of all three groups, indicating increased absorptive surface area. ROFC was significantly (p<0.05) lower in T3 and T4 groups as compare to control. However, it was not significantly different between control and T2 group. On the basis of the results of the study, it is concluded that supplementation of garlic improves the performance of broilers when added at the rate of 1% of broiler ration and can be a viable alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in the feeding of broiler chicken.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of food preferences(1) and intake(2) have identified hundreds of loci, most previously linked to health conditions. This suggests these loci may reflect participants’ health status, leaving unclear their direct influences on eating behaviour. Given that taste and olfactory perception play a crucial role in food preferences and choices(3), this study aims to: i) investigate the influence of genetic variants within taste and olfactory receptor genes on food preferences and ii) use these variants to investigate the potential causal influence of food preferences on health. We assess the associations across 1214 nonsynonymous variants (minor allele frequency ≥ 0.01) within 425 non-pseudo taste and olfactory receptor genes and 140 food-liking traits in the UK Biobank (n = 162006 unrelated Europeans; mean age = 57). Food likings were measured on a 9-point scale, with 1 being ‘Extremely dislike’ and 9 being ‘Extremely like’. We identify 700 associations (FDR-corrected p < 0.05), of which 88 are also associated with their corresponding food intake traits in the UK Biobank. We replicate 84 associations in the younger Avalon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; n = 2802 unrelated Europeans; mean age = 25), including OR2T6 rs6587467 for onion liking (p = 5.4 × 10-41 in UK Biobank, p = 2.9 × 10-4 in ALSPAC), whereas others cannot be replicated (e.g., OR4K17 rs8005245 for garlic liking, p-value = 1.9 × 10-69 in UK Biobank, p = 0.66 in ALSPAC). These variants account for greater phenotypic variances in food-liking traits in the ALSPAC than in the UK Biobank (e.g., 0.54% and 0.25% for garlic liking in ALSPAC and UK Biobank, respectively), suggesting genetically determined sensory perception has larger impacts on food preferences in young adulthood. Lastly, we use an epidemiological technique, Mendelian randomisation(4), to assess the potential causal influence of food preferences on health outcomes using food-liking-associated variants and summary results from large-scale GWAS. Taking likings for onions and bananas as an example, our results show that both are causally associated with lower systolic blood pressure (onions: beta = −1.257, p = 0.001; bananas: beta = −3.166, p = 0.005; unit = mmHg/liking score). While liking for onions decreases the risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR, 95% confidence interval] = 0.856 [0.781, 0.939]), liking for bananas increases it (OR = 1.289 [1.051, 1.579]). We found no evidence for causal associations with coronary artery diseases (onions: OR = 0.995 [0.879, 1.126]; bananas: OR = 0.982 [0.742, 1.299]). This study furthers current knowledge of direct genetic influences on food preferences, which helps understand individual differences in eating behaviour and has implications for personalised nutrition. Results from causal modelling provide complementary evidence for previous observational studies and could be used to guide future trials.

The polyherbal formulation containing Allium sativum L., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., and Amomum compactum Sol ex. Maton has been used for hypertension treatment empirically. Our previous study showed its blood pressure-lowering effect on a rat model of hypertension. However, toxicity data were not available for this polyherbal formulation. This study is aimed at evaluating the acute and subchronic oral toxicity of the polyherbal formulation in rats. The acute toxicity study was conducted on 6 female Wistar rats using the fixed-dose method for the treatment group and 5 female Wistar rats for the control. The single dose of 2,000 mg/kg of the polyherbal formulation was given orally. There were no significant toxic effects and no death observed until the end of the study, and it was showed that the lethal dose 50% (LD50) of the polyherbal formulation was estimated to be more than 2,000 mg/kg. The macroscopic and microscopic examination of vital organs showed no symptoms of toxicity. At the subchronic toxicity study, the polyherbal formulation with 3 dose variations of 252 mg/kg, 1,008 mg/kg, and 4,032 mg/kg was administered for 91 days orally. The lowest dose of 252 mg/kg is equivalent to the daily recommended dose for a human. There were no significant toxic effects observed at all doses on physical sign and symptoms, weight gain, food intake, hematological parameters, biochemical parameters, and macroscopic and microscopic examination of organs. These findings showed that the short- and long-term oral administration of the polyherbal formulation is safe to use within its dose recommendation.