Journal Article

Beneficial Effects of an Aged Black Garlic Extract in the Metabolic and Vascular Alterations Induced by a High Fat/Sucrose Diet in Male Rats

Inarejos-García, Antonio, Amor, Sara, González-Hedström, Daniel, García-Villalón, Angel, Martín-Carro, Beatriz, Almodóvar, Paula, Prodanov, Marin, Granado, Miriam

2019

Overview

Aged black garlic (ABG) is a functional food with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies also report its beneficial metabolic effects in a context of obesity or diabetes, although the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of an ABG extract in the vascular and metabolic alterations induced by a high-fat/sucrose diet in rats. For this purpose, male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed either a standard chow (controls; n = 12) or a high-fat/sucrose diet (HFD; n = 24) for 16 weeks. From week 8 on, half of the HFD rats were treated with a commercial ABG extract concentrated in S-allyl cysteine and melanoidins (ABG10+®; 250 mg/kg daily by gavage; 5 mL/kg). ABG10+®-treated rats showed lower mean caloric intake, body weight, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), insulin and leptin serum concentrations and higher high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and adiponectin serum concentrations than non-treated rats. In the hypothalamus, ABG10+® treatment induced an increase in the gene expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and a decrease in leptin receptor (ObR) mRNA levels. No significant changes were found in visceral adipose tissue except for an overexpression of β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-ADR) in ABG-treated rats. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, ABG10+® treatment decreased adipose weight and downregulated the gene expression of PPAR-γ, LPL, ObR and HSL. In brown adipose tissue, an overexpression of InsR, GLUT-4, UCP-1 and β3-ADR in ABG10+®-treated rats was found, whereas PPAR-γ mRNA levels were significantly decreased. Regarding vascular function, ABG10+® treatment attenuated the obesity-induced vasoconstriction in response to potassium chloride both in presence/absence of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). On the contrary, aorta segments from ABG-treated rats showed and improved relaxation in response to acetylcholine only when PVAT was present, with this fact possible being related to the decreased gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in this tissue. In conclusion, ABG10+® administration partially improves the metabolic and vascular alterations induced by a high-fat/high-sucrose diet in rats through modifications in the gene expression of proteins and neuropeptides involved in inflammation, fat metabolism and food intake regulation. Further studies are required to assess the bioavailability of ABG between rats and humans.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,MDPI
• Subject: acetylcholine / Adipocytes / adiponectin / Adiponectin - blood / Adiposity - drug effects / Animals / anti-inflammatory activity / antioxidants / Antioxidants - pharmacology / aorta / bioavailability / blood serum / Body Weight / brown adipose tissue / Cholesterol, HDL - blood / cysteine / cytokines / Diabetes / Diet, High-Fat - adverse effects / Dietary Sucrose - administration & dosage / Energy intake / food intake / functional foods / Garlic / Garlic - chemistry / Gene expression / Gene Expression Regulation / gene overexpression / Glucose Tolerance Test / Glucose Transporter Type 4 - genetics / Glucose Transporter Type 4 - metabolism / high density lipoprotein cholesterol / hypothalamus / Hypothalamus - drug effects / Inflammation / insulin / Insulin - blood / laboratory animals / leptin / Leptin - blood / leptin receptors / lipid metabolism / Lipids / low density lipoprotein cholesterol / Male / males / Mass spectrometry / melanoidins / messenger RNA / Metabolic syndrome / neuropeptides / Obesity / Organ Size - drug effects / peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma / Plant Extracts - pharmacology / potassium chloride / PPAR gamma - genetics / PPAR gamma - metabolism / pro-opiomelanocortin / Rats / Rats, Sprague-Dawley / Receptor, Insulin - genetics / Receptor, Insulin - metabolism / Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 - genetics / Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 - metabolism / Scientific imaging / Sensors / sucrose / triacylglycerols / Triglycerides - blood / Uncoupling Protein 1 - genetics / Uncoupling Protein 1 - metabolism / vasoconstriction