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Vehicle emissions contribute to fine particulate matter (PM ) and tropospheric ozone air pollution, affecting human health, crop yields and climate worldwide. On-road diesel vehicles produce approximately 20 per cent of global anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO ), which are key PM and ozone precursors. Regulated NO emission limits in leading markets have been progressively tightened, but current diesel vehicles emit far more NO under real-world operating conditions than during laboratory certification testing. Here we show that across 11 markets, representing approximately 80 per cent of global diesel vehicle sales, nearly one-third of on-road heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions and over half of on-road light-duty diesel vehicle emissions are in excess of certification limits. These excess emissions (totalling 4.6 million tons) are associated with about 38,000 PM - and ozone-related premature deaths globally in 2015, including about 10 per cent of all ozone-related premature deaths in the 28 European Union member states. Heavy-duty vehicles are the dominant contributor to excess diesel NO emissions and associated health impacts in almost all regions. Adopting and enforcing next-generation standards (more stringent than Euro 6/VI) could nearly eliminate real-world diesel-related NO emissions in these markets, avoiding approximately 174,000 global PM - and ozone-related premature deaths in 2040. Most of these benefits can be achieved by implementing Euro VI standards where they have not yet been adopted for heavy-duty vehicles.

Car owners underestimate total vehicle costs. Giving consumers this information could encourage the switch to cleaner transport and reduce emissions. Running a car costs much more than you think Car owners underestimate total vehicle costs. Giving consumers this information could encourage the switch to cleaner transport and reduce emissions.

Our study investigates fuel demand elasticities in Ghana by assessing consumer responses to income and price changes using the Marshallian demand framework. Applying Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), Quantile Regression Analysis (QRA), and Quantile-on-Quantile Regression (QQR), our study captures nonlinear, frequency-dependent relationships in petrol demand. Our study employed a monthly frequency data from 2000–2022. Our results reveal that petrol acts as a normal good in the medium term, but becomes inferior for high-income consumers in the long term. Petrol and diesel demonstrate both complementary and substitutive behaviours across different time horizons and income levels. The findings challenge traditional assumptions of price inelasticity and uniform demand, highlighting heterogeneity in consumer responses. We recommend differentiated fuel pricing policies and targeted subsidies to protect vulnerable groups. We also encourage investment in alternative energy sources and fuel-saving technologies. These insights are particularly valuable for policymakers, energy regulators, and development economists seeking to enhance fuel efficiency, economic stability, and energy diversification in Ghana.

Environmental impacts of energy use can impose large costs on society. We quantify and monetize the life-cycle climate-change and health effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) and fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) emissions from gasoline, corn ethanol, and cellulosic ethanol. For each billion ethanol-equivalent gallons of fuel produced and combusted in the US, the combined climate-change and health costs are $469 million for gasoline, $472-952 million for corn ethanol depending on biorefinery heat source (natural gas, corn stover, or coal) and technology, but only $123-208 million for cellulosic ethanol depending on feedstock (prairie biomass, Miscanthus, corn stover, or switchgrass). Moreover, a geographically explicit life-cycle analysis that tracks PM₂.₅ emissions and exposure relative to U.S. population shows regional shifts in health costs dependent on fuel production systems. Because cellulosic ethanol can offer health benefits from PM₂.₅ reduction that are of comparable importance to its climate-change benefits from GHG reduction, a shift from gasoline to cellulosic ethanol has greater advantages than previously recognized. These advantages are critically dependent on the source of land used to produce biomass for biofuels, on the magnitude of any indirect land use that may result, and on other as yet unmeasured environmental impacts of biofuels.

This paper proposes a research framework based on semi-hierarchical control, analyzes the mechanism of gas instead of oil in China’s logistics industry, and uses several forecasting methods to forecast. The research findings include that: (1) the driving mechanism of substitution of natural gas for gasoline and diesel indicates that natural gas is encouraged by China’s policies and the cost of use is lower, China’s logistics industry will reduce its dependence on gasoline and diesel. (2) By using grey forecasting method, regression trend method and Bass model to forecast natural gas consumption in logistics industry, they show that the forecasting results under different circumstances are helpful for China’s government departments to estimate the consumption trend of natural gas in logistics industry according to different market environments. (3) Based on the reverse feedback mechanism of semi -hierarchical control, combined forecasting methods are established, the hard problem that the combined forecasting coefficients are also solved. Combined forecasting methods are useful complements to meet the forecasting demands of logistics industry’s natural gas consumption, and further improve the forecasting accuracy. (4) According to mean relative error, the error percentages of grey forecasting, regression trend method and Bass model are respectively in 5.373%, 2.9%, and 5.94%, the error percentages of combined forecasting methods are within 2.9%−3.1%, the combined forecasting methods have better forecasting stability.

Biodiesel from microalgae seems to be the only renewable biofuel that has the potential to completely replace the petroleum-derived transport fuels. Therefore, improving lipid content of microalgal strains could be a cost-effective second generation feedstock for biodiesel production. Lipid accumulation in Scenedesmus obliquus was studied under various culture conditions. The most significant increase in lipid reached 43% of dry cell weight (dcw), which was recorded under N-deficiency (against 12.7% under control condition). Under P-deficiency and thiosulphate supplementation the lipid content also increased up to 30% (dcw). Application of response surface methodology in combination with central composite rotary design (CCRD) resulted in a lipid yield of 61.3% (against 58.3% obtained experimentally) at 0.04, 0.03, and 1.0 g l⁻¹ of nitrate, phosphate, and sodium thiosulphate, respectively for time culture of 8 days. Scenedesmus cells pre-grown in glucose (1.5%)-supplemented N 11 medium when subjected to the above optimized condition, the lipid accumulation was boosted up to 2.16 g l⁻¹, the value ~40-fold higher with respect to the control condition. The presence of palmitate and oleate as the major constituents makes S. obliquus biomass a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production.

The research aims to provide new empirical evidence by testing the impact of the external shocks namely: oil prices and the U.S interest rate on Turkey’s real estate market by using three techniques of co-integration tests namely: the newly developed bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) testing approach as proposed by (McNown et al. 2018), the new approach involving the Bayer-Hanck (2013) combined co-integration test, Hatemi-J (2008) co-integration testing approach. The ARDL model is utilized to explore the relationship between the variables. The findings show that the oil prices have a positive impact on Turkey’s real estate market, the results confirm that there is a significant impact of oil prices on Turkey’s real estate market through the domestic interest rate. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that there is a significant spillover influence of the U.S. interest rates on Turkey’s real estate market through oil prices and domestic interest rates. This study suggests that the following factors led to increasing the sensitivity and volatility of the Turkish real estate market to oil prices and the U.S. interest rate fluctuations: the presence of economic interdependence between the USA and Turkey, and the majority of the external debts and the reserve currency in Turkey are composed in the USD, and Turkey’s oil imports hit record high in last years. Finally, this article suggests that policymakers in Turkey should pay close attention to the effects of external shocks namely the oil prices and U.S. interest rates on Turkish markets to maintain economic and financial stability.

In this paper, we examine asymmetric causal relationships between gasoline prices and economic policy uncertainty in a panel of 18 countries over the period 1998–2017, using the recently introduced panel causality approach of Hatemi et al (Appl Econ, 48:2301–2308, 2016 ) that accounts for asymmetric dynamics and is robust to both cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. Empirical findings reveal asymmetric causal relationships between gasoline prices and economic policy uncertainty in the sampled countries. Specifically, results show that economic policy uncertainty and gasoline prices have positive and negative asymmetric bidirectional causal relations in 13 countries. No feedback causality was detected between gasoline prices and economic policy uncertainty in 5 countries. Based on the results, we infer that positive and negative asymmetric causal relations exist between economic policy uncertainty and gasoline price, with attendant policy implications in sampled regions.

A biomass-based fuel needs to be cheap and energy dense. Gasoline sets a high standard.

ObjectiveTo examine data on COVID-19 disease associated with a 10% increase in US road deaths from 2020 to 2021 that raises the question of the potential effect of pandemic stress and neurological damage from COVID-19 disease.MethodsPoisson regression was used to estimate the association of recent COVID-19 cases, accumulated cases, maximum temperatures, truck registrations and gasoline prices with road deaths monthly among US states in 2021. Using the regression coefficients, changes in each risk factor from 2020 to 2021 were used to calculate expected deaths in 2021 if each factor had remained the same as in 2020.ResultsCorrected for the other risk factors, road deaths were associated with accumulated COVID-19 cases but not concurrent cases. More than 20 700 road deaths were associated with the changes in accumulated COVID-19 cases but were substantially offset by about 19 100 less-than-expected deaths associated with increased gasoline prices.ConclusionsThe lingering effects of COVID-19 on neurological function may be a risk factor for behaviour leading to road deaths.