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"Germany Race relations Government policy History 20th century."
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Protest in Hitler's \National Community\ : Popular Unrest and the Nazi Response
\"That Hitler's Gestapo harshly suppressed any signs of opposition inside the Third Reich is a common misperception. This book presents studies of public dissent that prove this was not always the case. It examines circumstances under which 'racial' Germans were motivated to protest, as well as the conditions determining the regime's response. Workers, women, and religious groups all convinced the Nazis to appease rather than repress 'racial' Germans. Expressions of discontent actually increased during the war, and Hitler remained willing to compromise in governing the German Volk as long as he thought the Reich could salvage victory\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Protest in hitler's \national community\
Presents studies of public dissent inside the Third Reich. Examines circumstances under which \"racial\" Germans were motivated to protest, as well as the conditions determining the regime's response.
eBook
Fragmented fatherland
1945 to 1980 marks an extensive period of mass migration of students, refugees, ex-soldiers, and workers from an extraordinarily wide range of countries to West Germany. Turkish, Kurdish, and Italian groups have been studied extensively, and while this book uses these groups as points of comparison, it focuses on ethnic communities of varying social structures—from Spain, Iran, Ukraine, Greece, Croatia, and Algeria—and examines the interaction between immigrant networks and West German state institutions as well as the ways in which patterns of cooperation and conflict differ. This study demonstrates how the social consequences of mass immigration became intertwined with the ideological battles of Cold War Germany and how the political life and popular movements within these immigrant communities played a crucial role in shaping West German society.
eBook
State and minorities in communist East Germany
Based on interviews and the voluminous materials in the archives of the SED, the Stasi and central and regional authorities, this volume focuses on several contrasting minorities (Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, 'guest' workers from Vietnam and Mozambique, football fans, punks, and skinheads) and their interaction with state and party bodies during Erich Honecker's rule over the communist system. It explores how they were able to resist persecution and surveillance by instruments of the state, thus illustrating the limits on the power of the East German dictatorship and shedding light on the notion of authority as social practice.
eBook
The Scientification of the \Jewish Question\ in Nazi Germany
During the time of the Third Reich a vibrant \"Jew research\" arose. In its core it combined religious and racial studies to reinvigorate Christian anti-Judaism and to substantiate the political measures against the Jews on a new scientific basis.
eBook
Nazi indoctrination and anti-Semitic beliefs in Germany
Attempts at modifying public opinions, attitudes, and beliefs range from advertising and schooling to âbrainwashing.â Their effectiveness is highly controversial. In this paper, we use survey data on anti-Semitic beliefs and attitudes in a representative sample of Germans surveyed in 1996 and 2006 to show that Nazi indoctrinationââwith its singular focus on fostering racial hatredââwas highly effective. Between 1933 and 1945, young Germans were exposed to anti-Semitic ideology in schools, in the (extracurricular) Hitler Youth, and through radio, print, and film. As a result, Germans who grew up under the Nazi regime are much more anti-Semitic than those born before or after that period: the share of committed anti-Semites, who answer a host of questions about attitudes toward Jews in an extreme fashion, is 2â3 times higher than in the population as a whole. Results also hold for average beliefs, and not just the share of extremists; average views of Jews are much more negative among those born in the 1920s and 1930s. Nazi indoctrination was most effective where it could tap into preexisting prejudices; those born in districts that supported anti-Semitic parties before 1914 show the greatest increases in anti-Jewish attitudes. These findings demonstrate the extent to which beliefs can be modified through policy intervention. We also identify parameters amplifying the effectiveness of such measures, such as preexisting prejudices.
Significance Attempts at modifying public opinions, attitudes, and beliefs range from advertising and schooling to âbrainwashing.â Their effectiveness is highly controversial. We demonstrate that Nazi indoctrinationââwith its singular focus on fostering racial hatredââwas highly effective. Germans who grew up under the Nazi regime are much more anti-Semitic today than those born before or after that period. These findings demonstrate that beliefs can be modified massively through policy intervention. We also show that it was probably Nazi schooling that was most effective, and not radio or cinema propaganda. Where schooling could tap into preexisting prejudices, indoctrination was particularly strong. This suggests that confirmation bias may play an important role in intensifying attitudes toward minorities.
Journal Article
Kidnapped Souls
Throughout the nineteenth and into the early decades of the twentieth century, it was common for rural and working-class parents in the Czech-German borderlands to ensure that their children were bilingual by sending them to live with families who spoke the \"other\" language. As nationalism became a more potent force in Central Europe, however, such practices troubled pro-German and pro-Czech activists, who feared that the children born to their nation could literally be \"lost\" or \"kidnapped\" from the national community through such experiences and, more generally, by parents who were either flexible about national belonging or altogether indifferent to it.
Highlighting this indifference to nationalism-and concerns about such apathy among nationalists-Kidnapped Soulsoffers a surprising new perspective on Central European politics and society in the first half of the twentieth century. Drawing on Austrian, Czech, and German archives, Tara Zahra shows how nationalists in the Bohemian Lands worked to forge political cultures in which children belonged more rightfully to the national collective than to their parents. Through their educational and social activism to fix the boundaries of nation and family, Zahra finds, Czech and German nationalists reveal the set of beliefs they shared about children, family, democracy, minority rights, and the relationship between the individual and the collective. Zahra shows that by 1939 a vigorous tradition of Czech-German nationalist competition over children had created cultures that would shape the policies of the Nazi occupation and the Czech response to it.
The book's concluding chapter weighs the prehistory and consequences of the postwar expulsion of German families from the Bohemian Lands.Kidnapped Soulsis a significant contribution to our understanding of the genealogy of modern nationalism in Central Europe and a groundbreaking exploration of the ways in which children have been the objects of political contestation when national communities have sought to shape, or to reshape, their futures.
eBook
We all lost the cold war
Drawing on recently declassified documents and extensive interviews with Soviet and American policy-makers, among them several important figures speaking for public record for the first time, Ned Lebow and Janice Stein cast new light on the effect of nuclear threats in two of the tensest moments of the Cold War: the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and the confrontations arising out of the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. They conclude that the strategy of deterrence prolonged rather than ended the conflict between the superpowers.
eBook
The Nazi connection : eugenics, American racism, and German national socialism
When Hitler published Mein Kampf in 1924, he held up a foreign law as a model for his program of racial purification: The U.S.Immigration Restriction Act of 1924, which prohibited the immigration of those with hereditary illnesses and entire ethnic groups.
eBook
Colonial Intimacy: The Rechenberg Scandal and Homosexuality in German East Africa
Homosexuality was also common among the German emperor's closest confidants and political allies, and there were even-unsuccessful-demands in Germany to decriminalize the practice.8 At the same time, German officials and settlers in the colony expressed great concern over what they perceived to be propriety, which had to be preserved under all circumstances to uphold white civilization and to sustain the colonial project as they understood it.9 In order to grasp the German colonial experience, it is important to consider that in the nineteenth century Germany had undergone fundamental changes in all spheres of society. While the greater sexual opportunities for Europeans compared to the metropole noted by Aldrich are apparent, at the same time Germans in the colony-from settlers to the governor himself-considered keeping up appearances in front of colonial subjects as crucial.12 With the postcolonial turn and the challenge of the subaltern studies approach, historians such as Frederick Cooper and Laura Stoler have raised new questions when they point out that colonial studies need to break down strict dichotomies between colonizer and colonized in order to avoid reproducing the colonial vocabulary and grammar.13 Some headway has been made in complicating our understanding of the colonial encounter by showing the interdependency and mutual flows of ideas and knowledge.14 Still, the historical study of colonialism needs to be further developed to fully acknowledge the extent of shared space, knowledge, and experience between colonizer and colonized and the role of rumor and gossip in the colonial experience.15 This is what will be called colonial intimacy, a term chosen to emphasize this proximity without denying or belittling the unequal power differential and the omnipresent colonial violence.16 Colonial life worlds were shared spaces between colonizer and colonized.\\n He knew Zanzibar well, as he had served there as German consul in the 1890s, when male sex workers, including cross-dressers, offered their services openly in Ng'ambo, the African part of town.141 In moving the men's brothel to Zanzibar, the German colonial government addressed the immediate crisis of gossip and rumor associated with it, and the administration orientalized same-sex practices.
Journal Article