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"Global environmental pollution"
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LC-high resolution MS in environmental analysis: from target screening to the identification of unknowns
This article provides an overview of the state-of-the-art and future trends of the application of LC-high resolution mass spectrometry to the environmental analysis of polar micropollutants. Highly resolved and accurate hybrid tandem mass spectrometry such as quadrupole/time-of-flight and linear ion trap/orbitrap technology allows for a more reliable target analysis with reference standards, a screening for suspected analytes without reference standards, and a screening for unknowns. A reliable identification requires both high resolving power and high mass spectral accuracy to increase selectivity against the matrix background and for a correct molecular formula assignment to unknown compounds. For the identification and structure elucidation of unknown compounds within a reasonable time frame and with a reasonable soundness, advanced automated software solutions as well as improved prediction systems for theoretical fragmentation patterns, retention times, and ionization behavior are needed. [graphic removed]
Journal Article
Cool it : the skeptical environmentalist's guide to global warming
Argues that many of the elaborate actions being considered to stop global warming are too costly and will have little impact, and suggests that society's focus should be on such immediate concerns as fighting HIV/AIDS and maintaining a fresh water supply.
Book
China's environment in a globalizing world
How China and the rest of the world affect each other.
China's place in the world
China's environmental problems dominate those of the world, not only because China contains a fifth of the world's people, but also because China's economy is so big and developing so rapidly. The expanding links of globalization mean that China's problems are the world's problems too. In a Feature this week, Jianguo Liu and Jared Diamond look at the effects of China's sweeping environmental change and socio-economic challenges, synthesizing detailed literature that is scattered even for Chinese readers and largely inaccessible to western readers. On the cover, crowds on Nanjing Lu, Shanghai's famous shopping street where global influences are clear to see (Mark Henley/Panos). Elsewhere in the issue, Peter Aldhous reports on how China plans to cope with its exploding need for energy.
Journal Article
Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Recent Trends, Questions, and Potential Solutions
Humans continue to transform the global nitrogen cycle at a record pace, reflecting an increased combustion of fossil fuels, growing demand for nitrogen in agriculture and industry, and pervasive inefficiencies in its use. Much anthropogenic nitrogen is lost to air, water, and land to cause a cascade of environmental and human health problems. Simultaneously, food production in some parts of the world is nitrogen-deficient, highlighting inequities in the distribution of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Optimizing the need for a key human resource while minimizing its negative consequences requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach and the development of strategies to decrease nitrogen-containing waste.
Journal Article
Climate changed : a personal journey through the science
\"What are the causes and consequences of climate change? When the scale is so big, can an individual make any difference? Documentary, diary, and masterwork graphic novel, this up-to-date look at our planet and how we live on it explains what global warming is all about. With the most complicated concepts made clear by investigative journalist and artist Philippe Squarzoni, Climate Changed weaves together scientific research, extensive interviews with experts, and a call for action. Weighing the potential of some solutions and the false promises of others, this groundbreaking work provides a realistic, balanced view of the magnitude of the crisis that An Inconvenient Truth only touched on\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A Review of the Different Methods Applied in Environmental Geochemistry For Single and Sequential Extraction of Trace Elements in Soils and Related Materials
A comprehensive review of the single and sequential extraction schemes for metal fractionation in environmental samples such as soil and industrially contaminated soils, sewage sludge and sludge amended soils, road dust and run off, waste and miscellaneous materials along with other approaches of sequential extraction methods are being presented. A discussion on the application of chemometric methods in sequential extraction analysis is also being given. The study of single and sequential extraction methods for various reference materials are also being looked into. The review covers several aspects of the single and sequential extraction methodologies. The use of each reagents involved in these schemes are also discussed briefly. Finally the present upto date information by different workers in various fields of environmental geochemistry along with the possible future developments are also being outlined.
Journal Article
Review of cost versus scale: water and wastewater treatment and reuse processes
The US National Research Council recently recommended direct potable water reuse (DPR), or potable water reuse without environmental buffer, for consideration to address US water demand. However, conveyance of wastewater and water to and from centralized treatment plants consumes on average four times the energy of treatment in the USA, and centralized DPR would further require upgradient distribution of treated water. Therefore, information on the cost of unit treatment processes potentially useful for DPR versus system capacity was reviewed, converted to constant 2012 US dollars, and synthesized in this work. A logarithmic variant of the Williams Law cost function was found applicable over orders of magnitude of system capacity, for the subject processes: activated sludge, membrane bioreactor, coagulation/flocculation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, peroxone and granular activated carbon. Results are demonstrated versus 10 DPR case studies. Because economies of scale found for capital equipment are counterbalanced by distribution/collection network costs, further study of the optimal scale of distributed DPR systems is suggested.
Journal Article
Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment
We review the scientific literature, especially from the past decade, on the impacts of human activities on the Antarctic environment. A range of impacts has been identified at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Chemical contamination and sewage disposal on the continent have been found to be long-lived. Contemporary sewage management practices at many coastal stations are insufficient to prevent local contamination but no introduction of non-indigenous organisms through this route has yet been demonstrated. Human activities, particularly construction and transport, have led to disturbances of flora and fauna. A small number of non-indigenous plant and animal species has become established, mostly on the northern Antarctic Peninsula and southern archipelagos of the Scotia Arc. There is little indication of recovery of overexploited fish stocks, and ramifications of fishing activity on bycatch species and the ecosystem could also be far-reaching. The Antarctic Treaty System and its instruments, in particular the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and the Environmental Protocol, provide a framework within which management of human activities take place. In the face of the continuing expansion of human activities in Antarctica, a more effective implementation of a wide range of measures is essential, in order to ensure comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment, including its intrinsic, wilderness and scientific values which remains a fundamental principle of the Antarctic Treaty System. These measures include effective environmental impact assessments, long-term monitoring, mitigation measures for non-indigenous species, ecosystem-based management of living resources, and increased regulation of National Antarctic Programmes and tourism activities.
Journal Article