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"HERBICIDES"
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Correction: Effects of sorghum residue in presence of pre-emergence herbicides on emergence and biomass of Echinochloa colona and Chloris virgata
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229817.].
Journal Article
Correction to “Hollow Fiber–Supported ZIF‐8@GO Reinforced Sol–Gel for Preconcentration of Paraquat Before Determination by UV‐Vis Spectrophotometry”
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/jamc/6883692.].
Journal Article
Pesticides, a love story : America's enduring embrace of dangerous chemicals
\"A provocative cultural history of pesticides and their controversial use and depiction in the United States. Mart contends that--despite the sharp concerns raised by environmentalists and others since the appearance of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring--Americans have not only never resolved the inherent tension between costs and benefits presented by these chemicals, but have actually grown ever more attached to them with the passage of time\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Glyphosate resistance in crops and weeds
New technologies are becoming available for managing glyphosate resistant (GR) weeds and reducing their spread. GR crop technology has revolutionized crop production in the developed world and the benefits are gradually spilling over to the developing world. In order to sustain an effective, environmentally safe herbicide such as glyphosate and the GR crop technology well in to the future, it is imperative that the issue of GR weeds be comprehensively understood. This book provides such an essential, up-to-date source of information on glyphosate resistance for researchers, extension workers, land managers, government personnel, and other decision makers. Provides comprehensive coverage of the intensely studied topic of glyphosate resistant (GR) in crops Details the development of glyphosate resistance and how to detect and manage the problem in crops Helps standardize global approaches to glyphosate resistance Encompasses interdisciplinary approaches in chemistry, weed science, biochemistry, plant physiology, plant biotechnology, genetics, ecology Includes a chapter on economic analysis of GR impact on crops
eBook
IDactyloctenium aegyptium/I Differentially Responds to Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicides through Micro-Structural Alterations
Herbicides are widely used to kill weeds and increase crop production all over the world. Nevertheless, some weeds show certain structural modifications in response to herbicide application that impart mostly partial or sometimes complete tolerance to these noxious plants. The present study was focused on morpho-anatomical modifications in the root, stem, and leaves of Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. treated with different herbicides and to examine whether it possesses tolerance against herbicides. Two pre- and four post-emergence herbicides were applied to D. aegyptium at the recommended dose in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Pre-emergence herbicide Bromoxynil enhanced root growth (30%), leaves per plant (3%), and leaf fresh weight (17.2%). Increased stem epidermal thickness (100%) was the most notable feature among anatomical attributes. Post-emergence herbicides generally increased stem epidermal thickness 33-56%), leaf sheath thickness (5%), and root area in roots. Other modifications included increased sclerenchymatous thickness in the stem (133-255%), and epidermal thickness (100-200%) in the leaf blade. These characters assisted D. aegyptium to cope with herbicide toxicity. Collectively, pre-emergence herbicides more effectively controlled D. aegyptium compared with post-emergence herbicides.
Journal Article
Resistance-gene-directed discovery of a natural-product herbicide with a new mode of action
Bioactive natural products have evolved to inhibit specific cellular targets and have served as lead molecules for health and agricultural applications for the past century
1
–
3
. The post-genomics era has brought a renaissance in the discovery of natural products using synthetic-biology tools
4
–
6
. However, compared to traditional bioactivity-guided approaches, genome mining of natural products with specific and potent biological activities remains challenging
4
. Here we present the discovery and validation of a potent herbicide that targets a critical metabolic enzyme that is required for plant survival. Our approach is based on the co-clustering of a self-resistance gene in the natural-product biosynthesis gene cluster
7
–
9
, which provides insight into the potential biological activity of the encoded compound. We targeted dihydroxy-acid dehydratase in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathway in plants; the last step in this pathway is often targeted for herbicide development
10
. We show that the fungal sesquiterpenoid aspterric acid, which was discovered using the method described above, is a sub-micromolar inhibitor of dihydroxy-acid dehydratase that is effective as a herbicide in spray applications. The self-resistance gene
astD
was validated to be insensitive to aspterric acid and was deployed as a transgene in the establishment of plants that are resistant to aspterric acid. This herbicide-resistance gene combination complements the urgent ongoing efforts to overcome weed resistance
11
. Our discovery demonstrates the potential of using a resistance-gene-directed approach in the discovery of bioactive natural products.
Fungal genome mining targeted to self-resistance genes close to biosynthetic gene clusters identifies a pathway that produces aspterric acid, which proves to be a potent inhibitor of plant growth.
Journal Article
A user-friendly herbicide derived from photo-responsive supramolecular vesicles
Paraquat, as one of the most widely used herbicides globally, is highly toxic to humans, and chronic exposure and acute ingestion leads to high morbidity and mortality rates. Here, we report user-friendly, photo-responsive paraquat-loaded supramolecular vesicles, prepared via one-pot self-assembly of amphiphilic, ternary host-guest complexes between cucurbit[8]uril, paraquat, and an azobenzene derivative. In this vesicle formulation, paraquat is only released upon UV or sunlight irradiation that converts the azobenzene derivative from its
trans
- to its
cis
- form, which in turn dissociates the ternary host-guest complexations and the vesicles. The cytotoxicity evaluation of this vesicle formulation of paraquat on in vitro cell models, in vivo zebrafish models, and mouse models demonstrates an enhanced safety profile. Additionally, the PQ-loaded vesicles’ herbicidal activity against a model of invasive weed is nearly identical to that of free paraquat under natural sunlight. This study provides a safe yet effective herbicide formulation.
Paraquat is a widely used herbicide that is highly toxic to humans upon acute ingestion or chronic exposure. Here, the authors generate a photosensitive formulation that releases paraquat upon exposure to UV light or sunlight, which shows an improved safety profile in zebrafish and mouse models, while maintaining substantial herbicidal activity.
Journal Article
Cytochrome P450 CYP709C56 metabolizing mesosulfuron-methyl confers herbicide resistance in Alopecurus aequalis
Multiple herbicide resistance in diverse weed species endowed by enhanced herbicide detoxification or degradation is rapidly growing into a great threat to herbicide sustainability and global food safety. Although metabolic resistance is frequently documented in the economically damaging arable weed species shortawn foxtail (
Alopecurus aequalis
Sobol.), relevant molecular knowledge has been lacking. Previously, we identified a field population of
A. aequalis
(R) that had evolved metabolic resistance to the commonly used acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide mesosulfuron-methyl. RNA sequencing was used to discover potential herbicide metabolism-related genes, and four cytochrome P450s (
CYP709C56
,
CYP71R18
,
CYP94C117
, and
CYP94E14
) were identified with higher expressions in the R vs. susceptible (S) plants. Here the full-length P450 complementary DNA transcripts were each cloned with identical sequences between the S and R plants. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing
CYP709C56
became resistant to the sulfonylurea herbicide mesosulfuron-methyl and the triazolo-pyrimidine herbicide pyroxsulam. This resistance profile generally but does not completely in accordance with what is evident in the R
A. aequalis
. Transgenic lines exhibited enhanced capacity for detoxifying mesosulfuron-methyl into
O
-demethylated metabolite, which is in line with the detection of
O
-demethylated herbicide metabolite in vitro in transformed yeast. Structural modeling predicted that mesosulfuron-methyl binds to CYP709C56 involving amino acid residues Thr-328, Thr-500, Asn-129, Gln-392, Phe-238, and Phe-242 for achieving
O
-demethylation. Constitutive expression of
CYP709C56
was highly correlated with the metabolic mesosulfuron-methyl resistance in
A. aequalis
. These results indicate that CYP709C56 degrades mesosulfuron-methyl and its up-regulated expression in
A. aequalis
confers resistance to mesosulfuron-methyl.
Journal Article