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Cage like CuFe.sub.2O.sub.4 hollow nanostructure has been synthesized successfully using hard template method under the hydrothermal condition. Cu(NO.sub.3).sub.2·6H.sub.2O, Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.2·9H.sub.2O and glucose were dissolved in water, and the mixture was heated to 180 °C in an autoclave. The removal of carbon was achieved by calcination at 800 °C and finally, the cage like CuFe.sub.2O.sub.4 hollow structure was obtained. This cage like CuFe.sub.2O.sub.4 hollow structure was characterized by FE-SEM, EDS, TEM and XRD. The catalytic performance of this hollow nanostructure was evaluated for the synthesis of bis pyrazol-5-ols. To this end, the one pot condensation reactions of phenylhydrazine, ethyl acetoacetate and different aromatic aldehyde at 80 °C under the solvent free condition were performed. The optimum amount of applied catalyst for this transformation was obtained to be 0.04 mol %. Noteworthy, catalyst was easily recoverable and was reused for 7 times with the remaining of its initial structure as well as its catalytic activity. Graphical Cage like CuFe.sub.2O.sub.4 hollow nanostructure are stably and efficiently attainable for conversion of precursors to 4,4'-(aryl methylene)bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol)s

Cage like CuFe.sub.2O.sub.4 hollow nanostructure has been synthesized successfully using hard template method under the hydrothermal condition. Cu(NO.sub.3).sub.2·6H.sub.2O, Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.2·9H.sub.2O and glucose were dissolved in water, and the mixture was heated to 180 °C in an autoclave. The removal of carbon was achieved by calcination at 800 °C and finally, the cage like CuFe.sub.2O.sub.4 hollow structure was obtained. This cage like CuFe.sub.2O.sub.4 hollow structure was characterized by FE-SEM, EDS, TEM and XRD. The catalytic performance of this hollow nanostructure was evaluated for the synthesis of bis pyrazol-5-ols. To this end, the one pot condensation reactions of phenylhydrazine, ethyl acetoacetate and different aromatic aldehyde at 80 °C under the solvent free condition were performed. The optimum amount of applied catalyst for this transformation was obtained to be 0.04 mol %. Noteworthy, catalyst was easily recoverable and was reused for 7 times with the remaining of its initial structure as well as its catalytic activity.

The coupling of energy-saving small molecule conversion reactions and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in seawater electrolytes can reduce the energy consumption of seawater electrolysis and mitigate chlorine corrosion issues. However, the fabrication of efficient multifunctional catalysts for this promising technology is of great challenge. Herein, a heterostructured catalyst comprising CoP and Ni 2 P on nickel foam (CoP/Ni 2 P@NF) is reported for hydrazine oxidation (HzOR)-assisted alkaline seawater splitting. The coupling of CoP and Ni 2 P optimizes the electronic structure of the active sites and endows excellent electrocatalytic performance for HzOR and HER. Impressively, the two-electrode HzOR-assisted alkaline seawater splitting (OHzS) cell based on the CoP/Ni 2 P@NF required only 0.108 V to deliver 100 mA·cm −2 , much lower than 1.695 V for alkaline seawater electrolysis cells. Moreover, the OHzS cell exhibits satisfactory stability over 48 h at a high current density of 500 mA·cm −2 . Furthermore, the CoP/Ni 2 P@NF heterostructured catalyst also efficiently catalyzed glucose oxidation, methanol oxidation, and urea oxidation in alkaline seawater electrolytes. This work paves a path for high-performance heterostructured catalyst preparation for energy-saving seawater electrolysis for H 2 production.

Elucidating the reaction mechanism of hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) over carbon-based catalysts is highly propitious for the rational design of novel electrocatalysts for HzOR. In present work, isolated first-row transition metal atoms have been coordinated with N atoms on the graphite layers of carbon nanotubes via a M-N 4 -C configuration (MSA/CNT, M=Fe, Co and Ni). The HzOR over the three single atom catalysts follows a predominant 4-electron reaction pathway to emit N 2 and a negligible 1-electron pathway to emit trace of NH 3 , while their electrocatalytic activity for HzOR is dominated by the absorption energy of N 2 H 4 on them. Furthermore, FeSA/CNT reverses the passivation effect on Fe/C and shows superior performance than CoSA/CNT and NiSA/CNT with a recorded high mass activity for HzOR due to the higher electronic charge of Fe over Co and Ni in the M-N 4 -C configuration and the lowest absorption energy of N 2 H 4 on FeSA/CNT among the three MSA/CNT catalysts.

Zn‐CO2 batteries (ZCBs) are promising for CO2 conversion and electric energy release. However, the ZCBs couple the electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECO2R) with the oxygen evolution reaction and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, which normally causes ultrahigh charge voltage and CO2 conversion efficiency attenuation, thereby resulting in ~90% total power consumption. Herein, isolated FeN3 sites encapsulated in hierarchical porous carbon nanoboxes (Fe‐HPCN, derived from the thermal activation process of ferrocene and polydopamine‐coated cubic ZIF‐8) were proposed for hydrazine‐assisted rechargeable ZCBs based on ECO2R (discharging process: CO2 + 2H+ → CO + H2O) and hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR, charging process: N2H4 + 4OH− → N2 + 4H2O + 4e−). The isolated FeN3 endows the HzOR with a lower overpotential and boosts the ECO2R with a 96% CO Faraday efficiency (FECO). Benefitting from the bifunctional ECO2R and HzOR catalytic activities, the homemade hydrazine‐assisted rechargeable ZCBs assembled with the Fe‐HPCN air cathode exhibited an ultralow charge voltage (decreasing by ~1.84 V), excellent CO selectivity (FECO close to 100%), and high 89% energy efficiency. In situ infrared spectroscopy confirmed that Fe‐HPCN can generate rate‐determining *N2 and *CO intermediates during HzOR and ECO2R. This paper proposes FeN3 centers for bifunctional ECO2R/HzOR performance and further presents the pioneering achievements of ECO2R and HzOR for hydrazine‐assisted rechargeable ZCBs. Isolated FeN3 centers that anchored porous carbon substrates are reported as an efficient and stable electrocatalyst for catalyzing the reduction of CO2 to CO and hydrazine oxidation systems. The homemade hydrazine‐assisted rechargeable ZCBs assembled with the Fe‐HPCN air cathode exhibited an ultralow charge voltage (decreasing by ∼1.84 V), excellent CO selectivity (FECO close to 100%), and high 89% energy efficiency.

Fosfazinomycin and kinamycin are natural products that contain nitrogen–nitrogen (N–N) bonds but that are otherwise structurally unrelated. Despite their considerable structural differences, their biosynthetic gene clusters share a set of genes predicted to facilitate N–N bond formation. In this study, we show that for both compounds, one of the nitrogen atoms in the N–N bond originates from nitrous acid. Furthermore, we show that for both compounds, an acetylhydrazine biosynthetic synthon is generated first and then funneled via a glutamyl carrier into the respective biosynthetic pathways. Therefore, unlike other pathways to N–N bond-containing natural products wherein the N–N bond is formed directly on a biosynthetic intermediate, during the biosyntheses of fosfazinomycin, kinamycin, and related compounds, the N–N bond is made in an independent pathway that forms a branch of a convergent route to structurally complex natural products. The natural products fosfazinomycin A and kinamycin D are structurally distinct except for a nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond. Here, the authors show that fosfazinomycin and kinamycin share a common pathway for N-N bond formation that is different from pathways found for other natural products.

Selinexor, a drug that inhibits nuclear export of tumor suppressor proteins, was tested in a phase 2 trial involving patients with myeloma whose disease had progressed despite treatment with proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, alkylating agents, and monoclonal antibodies. A partial response or better was observed in 26% of patients, and the median overall survival was 8.6 months.

Ladderane lipids are unique to anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria and are enriched in the membrane of the anammoxosome, an organelle thought to compartmentalize the anammox process, which involves the toxic intermediate hydrazine (N₂H₄). Due to the slow growth rate of anammox bacteria and difficulty of isolating pure ladderane lipids, experimental evidence of the biological function of ladderanes is lacking. We have synthesized two natural and one unnatural ladderane phosphatidylcholine lipids and compared their thermotropic properties in self-assembled bilayers to distinguish between [3]- and [5]-ladderane function. We developed a hydrazine transmembrane diffusion assay using a water-soluble derivative of a hydrazine sensor and determined that ladderane membranes are as permeable to hydrazine as straight-chain lipid bilayers. However, pH equilibration across ladderane membranes occurs 5–10 times more slowly than across straight-chain lipid membranes. Langmuir monolayer analysis and the rates of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching suggest that dense ladderane packing may preclude formation of proton/hydroxide-conducting water wires. These data support the hypothesis that ladderanes prevent the breakdown of the proton motive force rather than blocking hydrazine transmembrane diffusion in anammox bacteria.

Seawater electrolysis represents a potential solution to grid-scale production of carbon-neutral hydrogen energy without reliance on freshwater. However, it is challenged by high energy costs and detrimental chlorine chemistry in complex chemical environments. Here we demonstrate chlorine-free hydrogen production by hybrid seawater splitting coupling hydrazine degradation. It yields hydrogen at a rate of 9.2 mol h –1 g cat –1 on NiCo/MXene-based electrodes with a low electricity expense of 2.75 kWh per m 3 H 2 at 500 mA cm –2 and 48% lower energy equivalent input relative to commercial alkaline water electrolysis. Chlorine electrochemistry is avoided by low cell voltages without anode protection regardless Cl – crossover. This electrolyzer meanwhile enables fast hydrazine degradation to ~3 ppb residual. Self-powered hybrid seawater electrolysis is realized by integrating low-voltage direct hydrazine fuel cells or solar cells. These findings enable further opportunities for efficient conversion of ocean resources to hydrogen fuel while removing harmful pollutants. Seawater electrolysis is promising for grid-scale H 2 production without freshwater reliance, but high energy costs and detrimental Cl chemistry reduce its practical potential. Here, authors developed an energy-saving hybrid seawater electrolyzer for chlorine-free H 2 production and N 2 H 4 degradation.

Most current research is devoted to electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction for ammonia synthesis under alkaline/neutral media while the investigation of nitrate reduction under acidic conditions is rarely reported. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of TiO 2 nanosheet with intrinsically poor hydrogen-evolution activity for selective and rapid nitrate reduction to ammonia under acidic conditions. Hybridized with iron phthalocyanine, the resulting catalyst displays remarkably improved efficiency toward ammonia formation owing to the enhanced nitrate adsorption, suppressed hydrogen evolution and lowered energy barrier for the rate-determining step. Then, an alkaline-acid hybrid Zn-nitrate battery was developed with high open-circuit voltage of 1.99 V and power density of 91.4 mW cm –2 . Further, the environmental sulfur recovery can be powered by above hybrid battery and the hydrazine-nitrate fuel cell can be developed for simultaneously hydrazine/nitrate conversion and electricity generation. This work demonstrates the attractive potential of acidic nitrate reduction for ammonia electrosynthesis and broadens the field of energy conversion. Research on electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia in acidic conditions has been less extensive than that conducted in alkaline conditions. Here, the authors report a hybrid of iron phthalocyanine and TiO 2 catalyst with improved efficiency toward acidic nitrate reduction and its application in Zn-nitrate batteries and high-voltage pollutes-based fuel cell.