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East Asia and the Pacific is a region of dynamic growth. Women have contributed significantly to this growth and have benefited from it through active participation in the labor market. However, women are still disproportionately represented in the informal sector and in low paid work. Efforts to identify barriers to women's business and entrepreneurial activities in the region are critical not only to facilitate inclusive growth in a national context but also to counter the increasing trend of female migratory flows in the region. This report highlights' both the challenges and the economic opportunities for businesswomen in the region offers some useful potential pointers for reform.

Task-based language learning using the benefits of online computer-assisted language learning (CALL) can be effective for rapid vocabulary expansion, especially when target vocabulary has been pre-arranged into bilingual categories under simpler, common Semantic Field Keywords. Results and satisfaction levels for both Chinese English majors and Japanese Engineering majors were high in this qualitative comparative study, indicating its potential for helping many students from various language backgrounds to rapidly expand their target language vocabulary, especially when blended with other real language negotiation tasks, preferably for an authentic audience. Print versus online reading and vocabulary development methods are compared, as well as surveys of both Chinese and Japanese college students, after they were engaged in a “Collaborative Writing Exchange Project” using similar online vocabulary development tools. All target terms were pre-organized and made available under common Semantic Field Keywords online in both Japanese and Chinese, but students had freedom to choose within sets of most relevant words from five academic disciplines. Writing themes were suggested to learners in both countries to keep their email exchanges consistent.

This study furthers research in three crucial related areas: 1) comparing various online glossing and vocabulary learning tools; 2) language teaching and learning using a more natural bilingualized approach to developing online reading skills in a second or foreign language; and 3) comparing the relative level of enjoyment and effectiveness students experience when using various CALL programs. This paper applies recent insights into vocabulary learning behaviors and functions online and investigates whether teachers can help learners increase their use of online glosses to improve their vocabulary learning by giving them automatic mouse-over instant glosses versus optional, clickable, mechanical access. The authors compare Japanese college students’ actual use of three types of glossing when reading similar texts online. The findings suggest that an expanded glossing system that helps encourage deeper lexical processing by providing automatic, archivable glosses would be superior for digital vocabulary learning because it can simultaneously offer better monitoring and more motivation vis-à-vis online word learning.

While Tanzania has been at the forefront of creating a positive legal framework and political context for gender equality, certain legal, regulatory, and administrative barriers still hinder women's full participation in private sector development. This report analyzes these barriers and makes recommendations for needed change, to ensure women's full contribution to private sector development and economic growth in Tanzania. Building on intensive stakeholder consultations and the findings of numerous studies, notably the MKURABITA diagnostic and the 2003/4 Investment Climate Assessments for Tanzania and Zanzibar, this report examines these gender-related barriers to growth and investment. It highlights legal and administrative constraints that have a disproportionately negative effect on female-headed businesses, and makes recommendations for needed reforms. Addressing these issues would not only help unlock the full economic potential of women, but would help improve the environment for all businesses in Tanzania. While Tanzania's economic growth has been strong, this report finds that if the country were to bring female secondary schooling and female total years of schooling to the same level as now enjoyed by males, this could produce up to an additional annual percentage point of growth - a valuable contribution to achieving the 6-8 percent annual growth targets of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP or MKUKUTA).

The 11th September terrorist attacks on America continue to affect the corporate real estate industry, and this paper is intended to address a number of those ongoing effects. It first discusses property insurance coverage in general and then proceeds to analyse whether damage from acts of terrorism is covered under pre-11th September and post-11th September property insurance polices. It also addresses the current status of proposed US Government intervention as a terrorism insurance backstop. It then describes the strategies which certain clients located within the areas directly affected by the terrorist attacks implemented in order to be able to gain immediate access to alternative space. Finally it examines selected lease clauses to which landlords and tenants should pay closer attention in light of the terrorist attacks, including operating expense provisions, force majeure provisions, waiver of subrogation provisions, use prohibitions and alteration provisions.

This chapter presents the example employee survey (Form TST‐ENT‐3E) that helps you conduct a survey of employees to gather information about the operating effectiveness of entity‐level controls and evaluate the results of those surveys. If you are an outside consultant who has been engaged by the company to conduct the survey, you should print the survey on your letterhead, as this will reinforce the message that responses are confidential and encourage more candid responses. If negative behaviors are noted in response to this question, then this could indicate the strong presence of negative elements in the entity's control environment. Alternatively, the questions may be reworded to refer to the company's stated ethical policies or values. However, if you choose to refer to company policies in these questions, you should include these policies as part of the survey. Without easy, immediate access to the company's stated policies, most individuals will not be able to respond to the statement.

Post-release opioid-related overdose mortality is the leading cause of death among people released from jails or prisons (PRJP). Informed by the proximate determinants framework, this paper presents the Post-Release Opioid-Related Overdose Risk Model. It explores the underlying, intermediate, proximate and biological determinants which contribute to risk of post-release opioid-related overdose mortality. PRJP share the underlying exposure of incarceration and the increased prevalence of several moderators (chronic pain, HIV infection, trauma, race, and suicidality) of the risk of opioid-related overdose. Intermediate determinants following release from the criminal justice system include disruption of social networks, interruptions in medical care, poverty, and stigma which exacerbate underlying, and highly prevalent, substance use and mental health disorders. Subsequent proximate determinants include interruptions in substance use treatment, including access to medications for opioid use disorder, polypharmacy, polydrug use, insufficient naloxone access, and a return to solitary opioid use. This leads to the final biological determinant of reduced respiratory tolerance and finally opioid-related overdose mortality. Mitigating the risk of opioid-related overdose mortality among PRJP will require improved coordination across criminal justice, health, and community organizations to reduce barriers to social services, ensure access to health insurance, and reduce interruptions in care continuity and reduce stigma. Healthcare services and harm reduction strategies, such as safe injection sites, should be tailored to the needs of PRJP. Expanding access to opioid agonist therapy and naloxone around the post-release period could reduce overdose deaths. Programs are also needed to divert individuals with substance use disorder away from the criminal justice system and into treatment and social services, preventing incarceration exposure.

Banks open more branches and make more lending near their CEOs’ childhood hometowns. The effects are stronger among informationally opaque borrowers and among CEOs who spend more time in their childhood hometowns. Furthermore, loans originated near CEOs’ hometowns contain more soft information and have lower ex post default rates, implying that hometown loans are more informed. Hometown lending does not affect aggregate bank outcomes, suggesting that credit is being reallocated from regions located farther away to regions proximate to bank CEOs’ hometowns.

The Cures Act mandated immediately released health information. In this study, we investigated patient comprehension of mammography reports and the utility of online resources to aid report interpretation. Patients who received a normal mammogram from February to April 2022 were invited to complete semi-structured interviews paired with health literacy questionnaires to assess patient's report comprehension before and after internet search. Thirteen selected patients via purposeful sampling completed interviews. Most patients described their initial understanding of the mammography report as “good” and improved to between “good” and “very good” after an internet search. Patients suggested “a little column on the side\" for medical terminology, “an extra prompt\" for making an appointment, or a recommendation for “good sites” to improve mammography reports. Patients varied in their ability to independently interpret medical reports and seek additional resources. While online resources marginally improved patient understanding, actionable and clear resources are needed. •Patients look to outside resources to understand radiology reports.•Patients marginally improve their understanding of reports with online resources.•Patients experience emotional stress and anxiety with abnormal reports.•Patients require information that is appropriate for their health literacy.•Additional resources and prompts for follow-up should be clear and actionable.

Background Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) such as socioeconomic status (SES), occupation, marital status, and healthcare access are modifiable risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Though country‐specific factors influence SDoH, studies comparing their relationship with cognition between high and middle‐income countries are scarce. We leveraged harmonized datasets from the U.S. and Mexico to examine SDoH‐cognition relationships in community‐dwelling older adults. Method Data included 7,075 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and 12,893 Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) participants. Cognitive measures included immediate recall, delayed recall, and serial 7s subtraction. The same cognitive tests were used between studies, adapted in Spanish for MHAS. We examined education, income, household size, marital status, and health insurance using multiple linear regression models with interaction terms between dataset and each social determinant, adjusting for age and sex. False discovery rate method controlled for multiple comparisons. Result Compared to MHAS, HRS participants were older (M age=66.8 (SD=12.0) vs. 65.3 (12.0) years), and had more education (13.0 [SD=3.2] vs. 6.1 [SD=4.7]). After controlling for sociodemographic factors, HRS participants scored lower on all cognitive measures (β range: ‐0.605 to ‐2.25, all p <0.001). Education was the strongest predictor of cognitive performance for both MHAS and HRS (β: 0.429‐1.04, p <0.001). Income was positively associated with cognition (β: 0.068‐0.176, p <0.05), with stronger effects in HRS (β: 0.371‐0.797, p <0.001). Having government health insurance vs those without predicted better immediate recall in MHAS (β=0.110, p <0.01), and improved delayed recall in HRS (β=0.274, p <0.01). In HRS, larger households predicted lower recall scores (β: ‐0.180 to ‐0.230, p <0.001). Marriage was associated with better delayed and total recall performance in HRS (β: 0.362‐0.493, p <0.001). Conclusion Findings highlight the complex influence of SDoH on cognitive performance. Despite higher education and income, HRS participants scored lower across cognitive measures. Education was the strongest predictor of cognitive performance in both countries, reinforcing its role as a key factor for promoting healthy cognitive aging. Results emphasize the importance of considering sociocultural contexts when developing cognitive health interventions.