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"INSECTICIDE"
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How to sell a poison : the rise, fall, and toxic return of DDT
\"In the 1940s, DDT helped the Allies win the Second World War by wiping out the insects that caused malaria, with seemingly no ill effects on humans. After the war, it was sprayed willy-nilly across fields, in dairy barns, and even in people's homes, leaving environmental and human devastation in its wake across the globe, particularly in communities of color. Thirty years later the U.S. would ban the use of DDT--only to reverse the ban in the 1990s when calls arose to bring it back to fight West Nile and malaria. What happened? How to Sell a Poison traces the surprising history of DDT in parallel to the story of a predominantly Black town poisoned by a neighboring DDT plant. Historian Elena Conis reveals new evidence that it was not the shift in public opinion following Silent Spring's publication that led to the ban so much as the behind-the-scenes political machinations of Big Business. She argues that we've been missing the lesson of this cautionary tale and the harm caused by DDT is a symptom of a larger problem: the prioritization of profits over public health. If we don't change our approach, Conis argues, we're doomed to keep making the same mistakes and putting people--particularly the most vulnerable--at risk, both by withholding technologies that could help them and by exposing them to dangerous chemicals without their consent. In an age when corporations and politicians are shaping our world behind closed doors and deliberately stoking misinformation around public health issues, from vaccines to climate change to COVID-19, we need greater transparency and a new way of communicating about science--as a discipline of discovery that's constantly evolving, rather than a finite and immutable collection of facts--in order to restore public trust and protect ourselves and our environment.\"-- Provided by publisher
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Seasonal activity of Trechnites insidiosus in pear
Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is the most expensive and challenging insect pest of commercial pear trees in the Pacific Northwest. Integrated pest management (IPM) programs are working toward relying more heavily on natural enemies to reduce insecticide use. Trechnites insidiosus (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the main parasitoid of C. pyricola, but little is known about its biology in the region. Developing sampling tools is important for the deployment of IPM programs, including monitoring of natural enemies. In this study, we examined 2 conventional monitoring methods: beat trays and yellow sticky cards, in addition to screened sticky cards and 3D-printed cylinder traps. Additionally, we tested an overwintering trap for the collection of parasitized C. pyricola. The trapping methods were tested in orchards in Oregon and Washington. Unscreened cards caught the most T. insidiosus and C. pyricola, followed by screened cards, cylinder traps, and then beat trays. Beat trays sometimes failed to catch any T. insidiosus, even when it was found in abundance via other methods. Screened cards and cylinder traps reduced bycatch and increased ease of identifying T. insidiosus. Specimens from the cylinder traps were also more suitable for use in molecular analysis. The overwintering traps were effective at capturing parasitized C. pyricola, but were highly variable year to year. The ideal trapping method will vary based on research needs (e.g., DNA preservation, reducing bycatch, catching higher numbers), but both screened sticky cards and cylinder traps were viable methods for monitoring T. insidiosus and its host. Key words: parasitoid, pear psylla, monitoring, insect trap, 3D-printing
Journal Article
Contemporary status of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses infecting humans
Both Aedes aegytpi and Ae. albopictus are major vectors of 5 important arboviruses (namely chikungunya virus, dengue virus, Rift Valley fever virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus), making these mosquitoes an important factor in the worldwide burden of infectious disease. Vector control using insecticides coupled with larval source reduction is critical to control the transmission of these viruses to humans but is threatened by the emergence of insecticide resistance. Here, we review the available evidence for the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in these 2 major vectors worldwide and map the data collated for the 4 main classes of neurotoxic insecticide (carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates, and pyrethroids). Emerging resistance to all 4 of these insecticide classes has been detected in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Target-site mutations and increased insecticide detoxification have both been linked to resistance in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus but more work is required to further elucidate metabolic mechanisms and develop robust diagnostic assays. Geographical distributions are provided for the mechanisms that have been shown to be important to date. Estimating insecticide resistance in unsampled locations is hampered by a lack of standardisation in the diagnostic tools used and by a lack of data in a number of regions for both resistance phenotypes and genotypes. The need for increased sampling using standard methods is critical to tackle the issue of emerging insecticide resistance threatening human health. Specifically, diagnostic doses and well-characterised susceptible strains are needed for the full range of insecticides used to control Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to standardise measurement of the resistant phenotype, and calibrated diagnostic assays are needed for the major mechanisms of resistance.
Journal Article
DDT and the American century : global health, environmental politics, and the pesticide that changed the world
In DDT and the American Century, David Kinkela chronicles the use of DDT around the world from 1941 to the present with a particular focus on the United States, which has played a critical role in encouraging the global use of the pesticide. The banning of DDT in the United States in 1972 is generally regarded as a signal triumph for the American environmental movement. Yet DDT's function as a tool of U.S. foreign policy and its use in international development projects designed to solve problems of disease and famine made it an integral component of the so-called American Century.--[book cover]
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