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The Siebel aircraft factory in Halle an der Saale, Germany, where scouts and bombers for the Nazi regime were produced, is architect Lois Welzenbacher’s largest project, constructed in 1939–1944. The complex was severely damaged during the final years of World War II. Its remains were eventually dismantled in 1946. Existing monographs on the architect interpret it as a manifestation of the incorruptibility of Welzenbacher’s modernist architectural vision. Newly discovered drawings reveal his designs for the site, which significantly differ from the realised structure. This paper explores these deviations and their underlying causes by recontextualising Welzenbacher’s work in Halle. I argue that his more traditional-looking initial designs reflect not his incorruptibility, but rather his opportunism under the Nazi regime.

Der Band sucht die bisher traditionell getrennten Forschungsgebiete ,Exilliteratur' und ,Innere Emigration' einander anzunähern und die verschiedenen Erfahrungsfelder der vertriebenen und der in Deutschland gebliebenen Schriftsteller aufeinander zu beziehen.

Through analysis of Max Horkheimer's 1936 review of Theodor Haeckers Der Christ und die Geschichte (1935), this article proposes an interdisciplinary, revisionist approach to German inner emigration after 1933 and its relationship to exile culture. Horkheimer wrote his review in American exile, adeptly deciphering the anti-Nazi subtext of Haecker's inner-exile argument. The left-wing Horkheimer inevitably rejects the conservative Haecker's Catholic historiography and account of moral agency, but his review testifies to forgotten lines of continuity between inner and outer exiles. Horkheimer's commitment to a post-metaphysical critical theory ultimately shifts focus away from Haecker s theologically framed anti-Nazi critique, a shift from intellectual generosity to ideological foreclosure that anticipates the emergent polarization evident in postwar scholarship on exile in- and outside of Germany. Scrutiny of this complex critical legacy offers insight, however, into how significant theologically framed discourses remained for inner and outer exiles responding to National Socialism.

The use of Aesopian forms of disguise was a key technique for inner emigrant writers under National Socialism who sought to target nonconformist, \"esoteric\" readers through camouflaged literature. Ernst Wiechert's little-known novella Der weiße Büffel oder Von der großen Gerechtigkeit provides an illuminating study of the oppositional potential but also ideological limitations of such dissident writing. Discussion of the writer s development from völkisch nationalist to principled opponent of Nazi injustice is followed by an examination of the novellas genesis, reception, and claim to oppositional status, showing how its affirmation of spiritual values offered sensitized readers reassurance and encouragement but also how the writer's deep-seated cultural pessimism might be misinterpreted as a call to fateful passivity. The work thus illustrates the problematic nature of all writing in Nazi Germany but also the distinctive features that underline the continuing significance for contemporary readers of inner emigrant literary nonconformism.

Der Band sucht die bisher traditionell getrennten Forschungsgebiete 'Exilliteratur' und 'Innere Emigration' einander anzunähern und die verschiedenen Erfahrungsfelder der vertriebenen und der in Deutschland gebliebenen Schriftsteller aufeinander zu beziehen. Erörtert wird das Widerstandspotential der deutschsprachigen Literatur innerhalb und außerhalb des Deutschen Reiches und die Aussagekraft der Bezeichnungen 'innere?' und 'äußere' Emigration.

This chapter, through the analysis of several Horatian “reading scenes”, outlines the political significance of reading Horace in the Hungarian culture. In early modern Hungary, “Horatianism,” being an amalgam of highly different cultural discourses, was a useful device for the Hungarian gentry both to shape and hide its inarticulate political position. After the defeat of the revolution of 1848–1849, reading Horace as a cultural practice changed into a symbol of “passive resistance,” while Horatian poetry as well as its early modern Hungarian interpretations began to lose their “original innocence.” In the 1930s, a group of intellectuals around the distinguished classical scholar Carl Kerényi tried to use Horace's traditional role in Hungarian culture in order to make him a symbol of an “inner emigration” toward a symbolic “island” where different intellectual attitudes could meet. As my interpretations show, Horace's self‐contradictory, polysemic, ironical poetic world—as we today perceive it—enabled him to be a “Hungarian” poet too.

Hannah Arendt's rich and varied political thought is more influential today than ever before, due in part to the collapse of communism and the need for ideas that move beyond the old ideologies of the Cold War. As Dana Villa shows, however, Arendt's thought is often poorly understood, both because of its complexity and because her fame has made it easy for critics to write about what she is reputed to have said rather than what she actually wrote. Villa sets out to change that here, explaining clearly, carefully, and forcefully Arendt's major contributions to our understanding of politics, modernity, and the nature of political evil in our century. Villa begins by focusing on some of the most controversial aspects of Arendt's political thought. He shows that Arendt's famous idea of the banality of evil--inspired by the trial of Adolf Eichmann--does not, as some have maintained, lessen the guilt of war criminals by suggesting that they are mere cogs in a bureaucratic machine. He examines what she meant when she wrote that terror was the essence of totalitarianism, explaining that she believed Nazi and Soviet terror served above all to reinforce the totalitarian idea that humans are expendable units, subordinate to the all-determining laws of Nature or History. Villa clarifies the personal and philosophical relationship between Arendt and Heidegger, showing how her work drew on his thought while providing a firm repudiation of Heidegger's political idiocy under the Nazis. Less controversially, but as importantly, Villa also engages with Arendt's ideas about the relationship between political thought and political action. He explores her views about the roles of theatricality, philosophical reflection, and public-spiritedness in political life. And he explores what relationship, if any, Arendt saw between totalitarianism and the \"great tradition\" of Western political thought. Throughout, Villa shows how Arendt's ideas illuminate contemporary debates about the nature of modernity and democracy and how they deepen our understanding of philosophers ranging from Socrates and Plato to Habermas and Leo Strauss. Direct, lucid, and powerfully argued, this is a much-needed analysis of the central ideas of one of the most influential political theorists of the twentieth century.

FromStalag 17toThe Manchurian Candidate, the American media have long been fascinated with stories of American prisoners of war. But few Americans are aware that enemy prisoners of war were incarcerated on our own soil during World War II. InThe Barbed-Wire CollegeRon Robin tells the extraordinary story of the 380,000 German prisoners who filled camps from Rhode Island to Wisconsin, Missouri to New Jersey. Using personal narratives, camp newspapers, and military records, Robin re-creates in arresting detail the attempts of prison officials to mold the daily lives and minds of their prisoners. From 1943 onward, and in spite of the Geneva Convention, prisoners were subjected to an ambitious reeducation program designed to turn them into American-style democrats. Under the direction of the Pentagon, liberal arts professors entered over 500 camps nationwide. Deaf to the advice of their professional rivals, the behavioral scientists, these instructors pushed through a program of arts and humanities that stressed only the positive aspects of American society. Aided by German POW collaborators, American educators censored popular books and films in order to promote democratic humanism and downplay class and race issues, materialism, and wartime heroics. Red-baiting Pentagon officials added their contribution to the program, as well; by the war's end, the curriculum was more concerned with combating the appeals of communism than with eradicating the evils of National Socialism. The reeducation officials neglected to account for one factor: an entrenched German military subculture in the camps, complete with a rigid chain of command and a propensity for murdering \"traitors.\" The result of their neglect was utter failure for the reeducation program. By telling the story of the program's rocky existence, however, Ron Robin shows how this intriguing chapter of military history was tied to two crucial episodes of twentieth- century American history: the battle over the future of American education and the McCarthy-era hysterics that awaited postwar America.

Housing First (HF) is being widely disseminated in efforts to end homelessness among homeless adults with psychiatric disabilities. This study evaluates the effectiveness of HF with Intensive Case Management (ICM) among ethnically diverse homeless adults in an urban setting. 378 participants were randomized to HF with ICM or treatment-as-usual (TAU) in Toronto (Canada), and followed for 24 months. Measures of effectiveness included housing stability, physical (EQ5D-VAS) and mental (CSI, GAIN-SS) health, social functioning (MCAS), quality of life (QoLI20), and health service use. Two-thirds of the sample (63%) was from racialized groups and half (50%) were born outside Canada. Over the 24 months of follow-up, HF participants spent a significantly greater percentage of time in stable residences compared to TAU participants (75.1% 95% CI 70.5 to 79.7 vs. 39.3% 95% CI 34.3 to 44.2, respectively). Similarly, community functioning (MCAS) improved significantly from baseline in HF compared to TAU participants (change in mean difference = +1.67 95% CI 0.04 to 3.30). There was a significant reduction in the number of days spent experiencing alcohol problems among the HF compared to TAU participants at 24 months (ratio of rate ratios = 0.47 95% CI 0.22 to 0.99) relative to baseline, a reduction of 53%. Although the number of emergency department visits and days in hospital over 24 months did not differ significantly between HF and TAU participants, fewer HF participants compared to TAU participants had 1 or more hospitalizations during this period (70.4% vs. 81.1%, respectively; P=0.044). Compared to non-racialized HF participants, racialized HF participants saw an increase in the amount of money spent on alcohol (change in mean difference = $112.90 95% CI 5.84 to 219.96) and a reduction in physical community integration (ratio of rate ratios = 0.67 95% CI 0.47 to 0.96) from baseline to 24 months. Secondary analyses found a significant reduction in the number of days experiencing problems due to alcohol use among foreign-born (vs. Canadian-born) HF participants at 24 months (ratio of rate ratios = 0.19 95% 0.04 to 0.88), relative to baseline. Compared to usual care, HF with ICM can improve housing stability and community functioning and reduce the days of alcohol related problems in an ethnically diverse sample of homeless adults with mental illness within 2-years. Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN42520374.