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Although the roles of clients have been stressed by TS scholars for decades, the client-translator relationship is a relatively less explored topic. Asian clients' voices have been under-researched. This paper examines the competence requirements that Asian clients look for when hiring translators. It discovers whether there are changes in translator competences expected by clients over time. To achieve the objectives, the Optimale survey was replicated. Analyses are made based on 64 Asian clients participating in the present study and the data from the Optimale survey. It was found that both groups attach greater importance to quality than to speed and put more emphasis on experience than on qualifications. Translators' awareness of professional ethics and standards is stressed. Technological competences are emphasized. When it comes to translation competence, both groups have similar expectations: translators' ability to produce good-quality work followed by their ability to render materials in one or more highly specialized domains and use of translation memory systems.

Medical interpreting has become a new research focus in recent decades, but few studies have discussed the role of interpreter in combination with strategies. This paper aims to work out how a medical interpreter plays his or her role and adopts strategies when interpreting between English and Chinese. Based on a first-hand medical interpreting corpus, this empirical study tagged the interpretation and made a detailed analysis of the interpreter's role and strategies. The results revealed that under the guideline of Goffman's participation framework theory the medical interpreter facilitated the therapeutic talk via three roles, namely “animator,” “author,” “principal”; for each role, different interpreting strategies, like “supplement,” “omission,” “compression,” etc. were adopted. Moreover, the study found motives behind interpreting strategies under the specific context. The sociological discussions are presented in the hope of enhancing medical interpreters' understanding of their roles and the importance of adopting more flexible strategies in order to provide better service.

In a video sent to The Washington Post, Sharif Karimi, an interpreter for the British military approved for evacuation, said he fears he's been left behind. Britain will end its airlifts on Aug. 27.

Background Interpreter service mode (in person, audio, or video) can impact patient experiences and engagement in the healthcare system, but clinics must balance quality with costs and volume to deliver services. Videoconferencing and telephone services provide lower cost options, effective where on site interpreters are scarce, or patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) and/or interpreters are unable to visit healthcare centers. The COVID 19 pandemic generated these conditions in Northwest Wisconsin (NWWI). The objectives of our study were to describe visit characteristics for interpreter services pre and peri COVID-19 and how interpreter visits and costs differed by modality and language pre and peri COVID-19 at Mayo Clinic Health System (MCHS) Eau Claire and Menomonie, Wisconsin (WI). Methods We analyzed medical records and billing data from MCHS Eau Claire and Menomonie that included interpretation visit characteristics and aggregate costs. We performed descriptive analysis of visit characteristics and aggregate costs (dependent variables: cost, duration, language, modality, payer type, department, patient age, and patient biological sex) from June-December 2019, 2020 (independent variables). We used Pearson’s chi-square and t tests to test for significant differences in visit characteristics between time periods. Results Significant differences were found in distribution of all visit characteristics (language, p -value < .001; biological sex, p -value .011; mode, p -value < .001; payer type, p -value < .001; department, p -value < .001; age, p -value .016; visit duration in hours, p -value < .001) between 2019 and 2020 windows. Total costs of all interpretation modes increased between 2019 (in person, $188,109; audio, $15,734; video $15,881) and 2020 (in person, $388,500; audio, $44,376; video, $34,245) despite similar visit counts for both years (2019, 3750 visits; 2020, 3425 visits). Differences between years are consistent with COVID-19 protocols, department usage by language, and patient age. Conclusions Our results show similar counts in the number of overall visits and increase in interpreter service costs in all modes, positively reflecting upon the availability of multimodal language resources.

This thesis explores how the relational dimension of language use (Brown and Yule, 1983) is discursively co-constructed and perceived by the interlocutors that took part in a series of interpreter-mediated medical consultations. The interpreter-mediated encounters (IMEs) under scrutiny took place in an outpatient mental healthcare (MHC) clinic in Scotland called Psychological Medicine. This study is of an exploratory and qualitative nature, underpinned by a social constructivist epistemology. Also, it was empirically enabled through two datasets gathered using methods of data collection inspired by ethnographic approaches. Dataset 1 consists of transcriptions of three audio-recorded IMEs between an English-speaking consultant psychiatrist, a Spanish-speaking patient and three professional interpreters. Dataset 2 consists of retrospective interviews conducted with participants that took part in the consultations under scrutiny. The analysis was conducted in two stages. Discursive behaviours of interest were firstly traced in dataset 1 and then triangulated with the information gathered through dataset 2. Relational dynamics are operationalised in this thesis following Spencer-Oatey's (2008) rapport management (RM) theory, grounded in the field of interactional pragmatics. By applying the principles of RM to the analysis of the two datasets, I shed light onto participants' RM practices and resulting relational outcomes in the analysed IMEs. To do that, I present analytical descriptions of a selection of excerpts where occurrences of rapport-sensitive speech acts (RSSAs) are reported, the reasons for their occurrence, and the ways in which they are managed by all participants. Ultimately, the findings provide insights into how interlocutors create and negotiate interpersonal meanings both triadically and dyadically; the role that contextual factors play in this process; and, finally, how all participants, including interpreters, are actively engaged in efforts to manage the interactional balance by discursively handling face sensitivities, behavioural expectations and interactional goals.

\"15 Because plain meaning runs out, the law (legal content, the legal norms that follow from a legal source) runs out too.16 \"Insofar as the text's plain meaning cannot resolve a case, there is no legally correct answer to what the text requires in that case. [...]they could entail proposals of change to the rule of recognition.21 These inquiries lead to additional answers to the meta-interpretive questions, alongside Watson's remedial answer. If the norm derived from the legal source corresponds to actual legal content produced by an actual legal source-its \"contribution to the law\"-it is a legal norm.27 As mentioned above, Watson believes that rules of recognition do not only identify legal sources, but also \"play a role\" in \"how legal texts . . . contribute to the law\"28 and that rules of recognition in the United States adopt the \"criterion that a legal text's clear communicative content- or . . . its 'plain meaning'-fully determines its contribution to the law. Legal interpretation typically takes place in the context of a practical activity, such as deciding cases, adopting regulations, passing legislation, or drafting a contract.31 These activities may require settling on an applicable norm precise enough to address the needs of the situation, even when legal content runs out.

This thesis explores how translators recreate the narrative of Virgil's Aeneid, a notoriously interpretable and polyvocal text characterised by its subjective and ambiguous nature. This complex narrative allows, or rather demands, interpretation from its readers and its translators. Calling on theoretical work from multiple disciplines including narratology, translation theory, and Virgilian reception, this thesis shows that the ways in which translators (re)voice narrative can reflect shifting cultural relationships with classical texts. This thesis examines two very significant translators of the Aeneid: Cecil Day Lewis and Frederick Ahl. United by a common publishing series, Oxford World's Classics, but separated by geography, historical context, and their relationship to literary and academic contexts, these two translators illustrate key developments in readings of Virgil as well as in the role of the translator. Chapter 1 explores representations of focalisation and free indirect discourse, to examine how multiple voices contribute towards the creation (and translation) of the narrative. Chapter 2 turns to deixis, to show how the personal, spatial, and temporal identity of the narrator shifts within translation, reflecting changes not only to the relationship between narrator and narrative, but also between the source text and target culture. Chapter 3 examines apostrophe, and its function as means of connecting narrator and character as well as its role within the construction of narrative itself. Chapter 4 is focused on the use of similes in subjective characterisation, and as vehicle for formation of two very different versions of Virgil's protagonist and antagonist. Finally, chapter 5 moves the thesis towards its close, using a case study to show the cumulative effect of these narrative motifs. The thesis concludes with a reflection on how Ahl and Day Lewis present Virgil's multivocal text, how they relate to their characters and to their narrative, to their audience and to Virgil. More broadly, this work uncovers tensions between authority and authorship, presenting translation as a reconstruction of narrative, a process which may be foregrounded or concealed, in ways which interact and engage with the act of translation itself.

When a patient's primary language does not match that of a healthcare team, clinicians may struggle to establish clear communication with that patient. In those cases, interpreter services can be used to create a space wherein patients can receive information and are able to share their perspective. However, variation in availability and use of interpreters puts patients at risk of having their values and preferences misunderstood or left unstated. When values-based challenges in medical interpretation arise, clinical ethicists are often asked to support teams, patients, and families in promoting patients' interests, but there is little available guidance on how ethicists can be helpful. For example, the use of family members or friends as interpreters raises concerns about the adequacy of mation by the treating team. On this same line, the use of technology by patients and families, such as cell phone applications, risks achieving mere translation rather than robust interpretation, potentially missing critical cultural connotations and norms of communication that would be understood by fluent and culturally knowledgeable speakers. In this presentation, we review current US guidelines for the use of interpreter services as well as the professional ethical responsibilities of medical interpreters. We then highlight ethical challenges in patient care unaddressed by those guidelines and responsibilities. We conclude with strategies for how ethics consultants can improve the use of interpreter services, during both policy development and review and as part of real-time care discussions. Ultimately, we aim to discuss pathways to better promote patients' nuanced values and preferences through the use of interpreter services. services.

The Code Interpreter feature in ChatGPT has the potential to democratize data analysis for non-specialists. As bioinformaticians, we are impressed by its performance in data manipulation and visualization. However, bioinformatics tasks often require execution of third-party packages, access to annotation knowledgebase, and handling large datasets. Code Interpreter’s exclusive support for Python, no installation option for additional packages, inability to utilize external resources, and limited storage capacity could pose obstacles to its wide adoption in bioinformatics applications. To address these limitations, we advocated for the necessity of locally deployable, API-based systems for chatbot-aided bioinformatics applications.