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In the current study transparent solid ion conducting biopolymer blend electrolytes consisting of chitosan/cold water fish skin gelatin were prepared utilizing casting methodology. Ammonium thiocyanate (NH 4 SCN) salt as a source of proton provider was added to the polymer blends. The ion conductor films were characterized by various methods including XRD, FTIR and EIS. The area under crystalline and amorphous peaks in the XRD patterns were determined and used to estimate the degree of crystallinity. The bands of FTIR pattern associated with anions of the added salt was deconvoluted to determine the fractions of free ions, ion aggregate and ion triplets. Comprehensive investigations of the electrical properties, including DC and AC conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss and electric modulus, were studied to understand the ion conduction mechanism. The ion transport parameters obtained from both EIS and FTIR approach were in good agreement. The shift of peaks to higher frequencies in the loss tangent spectra indicated enhanced ion mobility at shorter time scales. The observation of relaxation peaks in the electric modulus ( M’’ ) spectra, which are absent in the dielectric loss ( ε’’ ) spectra, underscores the effectiveness of the modulus formalism in suppressing the contribution of electrode polarization and emphasizing bulk relaxation. AC conductivity spectra revealed three distinct conduction regimes, while the Argand plots provided insights into the ion relaxation dynamics within the current solid biopolymer electrolytes. The highest room-temperature ionic conductivity of 1.19 × 10 −5 S/cm was achieved at 40 wt% NH 4 SCN, attributed to the optimal balance between free ion concentration and polymer segmental mobility, as revealed by FTIR and EIS analyses.

In this work, analysis of ion transport parameters of polymer blend electrolytes incorporated with magnesium trifluoromethanesulfonate (Mg(CF3SO3)2) was carried out by employing the Trukhan model. A solution cast technique was used to obtain the polymer blend electrolytes composed of chitosan (CS) and poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (POZ). From X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, improvement in amorphous phase for the blend samples has been observed in comparison to the pure state of CS. From impedance plot, bulk resistance (Rb) was found to decrease with increasing temperature. Based on direct current (DC) conductivity (σdc) patterns, considerations on the ion transport models of Arrhenius and Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher (VTF) were given. Analysis of the dielectric properties was carried out at different temperatures and the obtained results were linked to the ion transport mechanism. It is demonstrated in the real part of electrical modulus that chitosan-salt systems are extremely capacitive. The asymmetric peak of the imaginary part (Mi) of electric modulus indicated that there is non-Debye type of relaxation for ions. From frequency dependence of dielectric loss (ε″) and the imaginary part (Mi) of electric modulus, suitable coupling among polymer segmental and ionic motions was identified. Two techniques were used to analyze the viscoelastic relaxation dynamic of ions. The Trukhan model was used to determine the diffusion coefficient (D) by using the frequency related to peak frequencies and loss tangent maximum heights (tanδmax). The Einstein–Nernst equation was applied to determine the carrier number density (n) and mobility. The ion transport parameters, such as D, n and mobility (μ), at room temperature, were found to be 4 × 10−5 cm2/s, 3.4 × 1015 cm−3, and 1.2 × 10−4 cm2/Vs, respectively. Finally, it was shown that an increase in temperature can also cause these parameters to increase.

In the current study, flexible films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA): chitosan (CS) solid polymer blend electrolytes (PBEs) with high ion transport property close enough to gel based electrolytes were prepared with the aid of casting methodology. Glycerol (GL) as a plasticizer and sodium bromide (NaBr) as an ionic source provider are added to PBEs. The flexible films have been examined for their structural and electrical properties. The GL content changed the brittle and solid behavior of the films to a soft manner. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) methods were used to examine the structural behavior of the electrolyte films. X-ray diffraction investigation revealed that the crystalline character of PVA:CS:NaBr declined with increasing GL concentration. The FTIR investigation hypothesized the interaction between polymer mix salt systems and added plasticizer. Infrared (FTIR) band shifts and fluctuations in intensity have been found. The ion transport characteristics such as mobility, carrier density, and diffusion were successfully calculated using the experimental impedance data that had been fitted with EEC components and dielectric parameters. CS:PVA at ambient temperature has the highest ionic conductivity of 3.8 × 10 S/cm for 35 wt.% of NaBr loaded with 55 wt.% of GL. The high ionic conductivity and improved transport properties revealed the suitableness of the films for energy storage device applications. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were higher at lower frequencies. The relaxation nature of the samples was investigated using loss tangent and electric modulus plots. The peak detected in the spectra of tanδ and M” plots and the distribution of data points are asymmetric besides the peak positions. The movements of ions are not free from the polymer chain dynamics due to viscoelastic relaxation being dominant. The distorted arcs in the Argand plot have confirmed the viscoelastic relaxation in all the prepared films.

This report presents the preparation of plasticized sodium ion-conducting polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)via solution cast technique. The prepared plasticized polymer electrolytes were utilized in the device fabrication of electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). On an assembly EDLC system, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), transfer number measurement (TNM) and charge–discharging responses were performed. The influence of plasticization on polymer electrolytes was investigated in terms of electrochemical properties applying EIS and TNM. The EIS was fitted with electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) models and ion transport parameters were estimated with the highest conductivity of 1.17 × 10−3 S cm−1 was recorded. The CV and charge-discharging responses were used to evaluate the capacitance and the equivalent series resistance (ESR), respectively. The ESR of the highest conductive sample was found to be 91.2 Ω at the first cycle, with the decomposition voltage of 2.12 V. The TNM measurement has shown the dominancy of ions with tion = 0.982 for the highest conducting sample. The absence of redox peaks was proved via CV, indicating the charge storing process that comprised ion accumulation at the interfacial region. The fabricated EDLC device is stable for up to 400 cycles. At the first cycle, a high specific capacitance of 169 F/g, an energy density of 19 Wh/kg, and a power density of 600 W/kg were obtained.

In this study, biopolymer composite electrolytes based on chitosan:ammonium iodide:Zn(II)-complex plasticized with glycerol were successfully prepared using the solution casting technique. Various electrical and electrochemical parameters of the biopolymer composite electrolytes’ films were evaluated prior to device application. The highest conducting plasticized membrane was found to have a conductivity of 1.17 × 10−4 S/cm. It is shown that the number density, mobility, and diffusion coefficient of cations and anions fractions are increased with the glycerol amount. Field emission scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques are used to study the morphology and structure of the films. The non-Debye type of relaxation process was confirmed from the peak appearance of the dielectric relaxation study. The obtained transference number of ions (cations and anions) and electrons for the highest conducting sample were identified to be 0.98 and 0.02, respectively. Linear sweep voltammetry shows that the electrochemical stability of the highest conducting plasticized system is 1.37 V. The cyclic voltammetry response displayed no redox reaction peaks over its entire potential range. It was discovered that the addition of Zn(II)-complex and glycerol plasticizer improved the electric double-layer capacitor device performances. Numerous crucial parameters of the electric double-layer capacitor device were obtained from the charge-discharge profile. The prepared electric double-layer capacitor device showed that the initial values of specific capacitance, equivalence series resistance, energy density, and power density are 36 F/g, 177 Ω, 4.1 Wh/kg, and 480 W/kg, respectively.

This report shows a simple solution cast methodology to prepare plasticized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/methylcellulose (MC)-ammonium iodide (NH4I) electrolyte at room temperature. The maximum conducting membrane has a conductivity of 3.21 × 10−3 S/cm. It is shown that the number density, mobility and diffusion coefficient of ions are enhanced by increasing the glycerol. A number of electric and electrochemical properties of the electrolyte—impedance, dielectric properties, transference numbers, potential window, energy density, specific capacitance (Cs) and power density—were determined. From the determined electric and electrochemical properties, it is shown that PVA: MC-NH4I proton conducting polymer electrolyte (PE) is adequate for utilization in energy storage device (ESD). The decrease of charge transfer resistance with increasing plasticizer was observed from Bode plot. The analysis of dielectric properties has indicated that the plasticizer is a novel approach to increase the number of charge carriers. The electron and ion transference numbers were found. From the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) response, the breakdown voltage of the electrolyte is determined. From Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurement, the calculated Cs values are found to drop with increasing the number of cycles. The increment of internal resistance is shown by equivalent series resistance (ESR) plot. The energy and power density were studied over 250 cycles that results to the value of 5.38–3.59 Wh/kg and 757.58–347.22 W/kg, respectively.

Biodegradable solid polymer electrolytes (BSPEs) have gained significant attention due to their exceptional processability, safety, and flexibility. This work presents the development of sodium ion (Na +) conducting ternary blended (BSPEs) using a standard solution casting technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) validated the complete salt dissociation and demonstrated the formation of polymer-salt complexes. The deconvoluted XRD spectra revealed the degree of crystallinity ( ) of electrolytes where the sample incorporated 40 wt% of NaSCN salt content (STC4) was found to be the lowest value. The deconvoluted FTIR spectra were used to estimate ionic transport parameters of diffusion coefficient ( ), ion mobility ( ), and carrier density ( ). Ionic conductivity and electrical properties of electrolyte samples were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS results were fitted with electrical equivalent circuits to understand the electrical behavior of the films. The highest DC conductivity value ( ) of (2.74 × 10 −6 S/cm) was achieved for the STC4 sample, attributed to its highest amorphous region and carrier density. The dielectric studies proved beneficial in distinguishing the areas attributed to molecular polarizations and electrodes. The reduction of relaxation time is indicated by shifting loss tangent peaks (tan δ) toward high frequency ranges. According to dielectric relaxation studies, the appearance of peaks confirmed non-Debye type behavior. Distinct areas attributed to the effects of electrode polarization and ( ) are seen in AC conductivity ( ) spectra.

This study investigates Li+ ion-conducting biopolymer blend electrolytes-based on chitosan (CS) and potato starch (PS) with glycerol plasticization. The advanced techniques including FTIR, impedance, TNM, LSV, and CV were employed to characterize the compositional and electrochemical properties of the solid films. The FTIR analysis indicates significant influence of glycerol on polymer/salt interactions, evidenced by the shift of FTIR bands to lower wavenumbers, signifying an increase in free ions within the host polymer system. Impedance results indicate that plasticizer addition reduces the bulk resistance to an optimum value of 49 Ω. The calculated DC values demonstrate the suitability of the electrolyte for use in energy storage applications (ESAs) with the highest ionic conductivity of 2.01 × 10−4 S cm−1. The high values of both ϵ′ and ϵ′′ at lower frequencies are due to interfacial polarization and the accumulation of charges, respectively. The sample with the largest plasticizer content has shown the highest ϵ′ of 112.4 at 105 Hz. The shifting of tan δ peaks to the higher frequency side with the increase of plasticizer indicates an increase in the mobility of cations. The combination of tan δ plot and Argand plot was used to explore the dominant mechanism in ion conduction. The electrochemical studies were performed to detect the ability of the films to be used for EDLC applications. The TNM (tion=0.947) and LSV (decomposition voltage = 3.1 V) values favor the films for ESAs. The pattern of CV curves at various scan rates established the successful design of the EDLC device. The calculated capacitance from the area under CV curves is sufficiently high. The capacitance was influenced by scan rates and changed from 12.92 to 38.68 F/g.

A facile methodology system for synthesizing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on methylcellulose, dextran, lithium perchlorate (as ionic sources), and glycerol (such as a plasticizer) (MC:Dex:LiClO4:Glycerol) has been implemented. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and two imperative electrochemical techniques, including linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were performed on the films to analyze their structural and electrical properties. The FTIR spectra verify the interactions between the electrolyte components. Following this, a further calculation was performed to determine free ions (FI) and contact ion pairs (CIP) from the deconvolution of the peak associated with the anion. It is verified that the electrolyte containing the highest amount of glycerol plasticizer (MDLG3) has shown a maximum conductivity of 1.45 × 10−3 S cm−1. Moreover, for other transport parameters, the mobility (μ), number density (n), and diffusion coefficient (D) of ions were enhanced effectively. The transference number measurement (TNM) of electrons (tel) was 0.024 and 0.976 corresponding to ions (tion). One of the prepared samples (MDLG3) had 3.0 V as the voltage stability of the electrolyte.

In the current article, transport parameters of ions (number density ( n ), mobility ( μ ), viscosity ( η ), and diffusion coefficient ( D )) are determined using three methods (Bandara-Mellander (B.-M.), Trukhan, and EIS) for plasticized PVA:chitosan (Ch):sodium fluoride (NaF) electrolyte. The B.-M. results are in better agreement with the Trukhan results than the EIS approach. At the 55 wt.% of glycerol (glc), the film has the highest conductivity of 3.42 × 10 −5 Scm −1 which shows the fast migration of ions. The universal Jonscher’s power law is well fitted to the AC conductivity spectra. The dielectric property is studied using the modulus curves and loss tangent tan ( ϕ ) spectra. The tan ( ϕ ) is fitted in the whole frequency (fr) window to measure the relaxation time ( τ ) and transport parameters of ions. The effect of glc on the transport of ions is well investigated. The n , µ , and D are enhanced with loading glc, while η is decreased.