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Using participant observation, life histories, narratives, interviews and telephone conversations, this article explores reasons behind the failure of anti-female circumcision and anti-traditional male circumcision campaigns among the Kuria, an ethnic community based in Northeast Tanzania. Besides circumcision being central to attaining full personhood in the traditional society, undergoing this ritual has far-reaching socio-economic and political implications for both males and females, including gaining access to resources, political positions and socio-economic support. Despite fierce opposition to female circumcision from state and non-state actors, as well as social stigma, ridicule and sanctions against it, the practice, now in international language outlawed as female genital mutilation, goes on unabated. Similarly, despite the availability of modern health services for medical male circumcision, which has a high potential in limiting the spread of HIV/AIDS, Kuria boys resort to the traditional forms of circumcision. This article underscores the importance of understanding local discourse in a bid to eradicate circumcision with more informed means.

How languages solve the grammatical problem of agreeing with conjoined arguments is a well-known area of cross-linguistic variation. This paper describes these patterns for Kuria (Bantu, Kenya), documenting a pattern of agreement that has not been previously reported. We show the relevant patterns involving a range of noun classes, showing that human noun classes trigger different effects than non-human noun classes. We also demonstrate distinctions in the grammar between subject marking and object marking: whereas subject marking allows for resolved agreement forms, object marking does not. The paper also includes a brief survey of notable patterns in other Bantu languages to put Kuria in a relevant context.

The Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization was established by Pope Benedict XVI in motu proprio Ubicumque et semper (21 September 2010). The mission of evangelization is a continuation of the work of Jesus Christ – the first and supreme evangelizer. The duty of the Church to proclaim always and everywhere the Gospel of Christ cannot be overlooked. The Council, as a new dicastery of the Roman Curia, “pursues its own ends both by encouraging reflection on topics of the new evangelization, and by identifying and promoting suitable ways and means to accomplish it” (art. 2). The purpose of this article is to show the genesis, structure and competences of the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization. The Council is directed by an archbishop president, assisted by a secretary, by an under-secretary and by an appropriate number of officials. The dicastery will have its own members and may avail itself of its own consultors. The competences of the Council – indicated in Ubicumque et semper – are: 1) to examine the meaning of the new evangelization, 2) to promote and to foster of the papal Magisterium related to the new evangelization, 3) to make known and to support initiatives linked to the new evangelization, 4) to study and to encourage the use of modern forms of communication, 5) to promote the use of the Catechism of the Catholic Church (art. 3). Furthermore, Pope Benedict XVI in motu proprio Fides per Doctrinam (16 January 2013) transferred the competence for catechesis from the Congregation for the Clergy to the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization.

How languages solve the grammatical problem of agreeing with conjoined arguments is a well-known area of cross-linguistic variation. This paper describes these patterns for Kuria (Bantu, Kenya), documenting a pattern of agreement that has not been previously reported. We show the relevant patterns involving a range of noun classes, showing that human noun classes trigger different effects than non-human noun classes. We also demonstrate distinctions in the grammar between subject marking and object marking: whereas subject marking allows for resolved agreement forms, object marking does not. The paper also includes a brief survey of notable patterns in other Bantu languages to put Kuria in a relevant context.

The article discusses the issue of the competences of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. The Author begins with the origin of the Congregation. It is emphasized that this dicastery is one of the oldest organ of the Apostolic See. The Pope Sixtus V with the Apostolic Constitution Immensa aeterni Dei of 22 January 1588 created the Sacred Congregation of Rites. Thereafter, Paul VI, divided the Congregation of Rites with the Apostolic Constitution Sacra Rituum Congregatio of 8 May 1969 and created two congregations (sections): one for Divine Worship and another for the Causes of Saints. The Congregation is composed of the cardinal prefect, secretary, under-secretary, promoter of the faith, relators and consultors. The Pope has the principal functions in the dicastery. He creates it, indicates the priorities in the aspect of the current needs of the Church and approves each stage of the proceedings with a proper decrees. The procedure in the Congregation for the Causes of Saints has been indicated in the Apostolic Constitution Divinus perfectionis Magister of 25 January 1983. The beatification process has three stages carrying out in the diocese. Then, the documents of the diocesan process are sent to the Congregation.

The subject of the article is to characterize the obligation of diocesan bishop of a visit ad limina Apostolorum. At the beginning the author explains what such a duty results from and what enti­ties are obliged to a visit ad limina Apostolorum. The obligation of a visit ad limina Apostolorum rests on the diocesan bishop and other high ecclesiastical officials who are equal to him under law, i.e. apostolic vicar, territorial abbot, territorial prelate, apos­tolic administrator of an apostolic administration which has been erected on a stable basis, military ordinary, personal ordinary of personal ordinariates for anglicans en­tering into full communion with the catholic Church and apostolic administrator of Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Maria Vianney. Then the author pre­sents the preparation for a visit ad limina Apostolorum which includes two elements: remote preparation and immediate preparation. The first stage concerns the prepara­tion of quinquennial report on the state of the diocese. The second one, in which par­ticular task has the Secretariat of the Episcopal Conference and the Coordinating Of­fice for the Visit, includes establishing a date and the schedule of the visit. The author describes each element of the visit, i.e. venerate the tombs of the Blessed Apostles Pe­ter and Paul, meeting the Roman Pontiff and visiting the Roman dicasteries.

Cél: A tanulmány célja a szervezetten elkövetett költségvetési csalásokra vonatkozó jogi szabályozás áttekintése, a gyakori törvényi változások nyomán alakuló bírói gyakorlat kritikája, valamint néhány, ezek alapján megfogalmazható javaslat vázolása. Módszertan: Rövid történeti visszatekintést követően az elemzés a bűnszervezet egyes fogalmi elemeinek – különösen a „hierarchikus struktúrának” és a „konspiratív működésnek” – aktuális vizsgálatára, továbbá e fogalmak bírói értelmezésének értékelésére összpontosít. A szerző számos, véletlenszerűen kiválasztott, bűnszervezeti keretek között megvalósított költségvetési csalás miatt indult ügyben hozott ítélet megállapításait szembesíti a jogalkotás céljaival és megfogalmazza következtetéseit. Megállapítások: A jelenlegi jogi szabályozás hosszú és bonyolult úton alakult ki; ennek ellenére máig nem sikerült egyértelműen elkülöníteni a bűnszervezetben, illetve a bűnszövetségben elkövetett, évente sok milliárd forint kárt okozó, de a szervezettség különböző szintjeit mutató költségvetési csalásokat. A bírói gyakorlat az esetek jelentős részében súlyosabb, bűnszervezeti elkövetési formaként kezeli az ügyeket, még akkor is, ha elméleti és gyakorlati szempontból elegendő lenne a szervezettség enyhébb fokának megállapítása. A tanulmányban megfogalmazott ajánlások megfontolása a vádlottak együttműködési készségének növelését, a bűnös úton szerzett vagyon nagyobb arányú visszaszerzését és eredményesebb jóvátételt eredményezhetne. Érték: A tanulmány felvetései és javaslatai hozzájárulhatnak az ítélkezési gyakorlat egységességéhez, valamint a jogbiztonság, az arányosság és a szubszidiaritás büntetőjogi elveinek erősítéséhez. A represszív szankciók és a helyreállító intézkedések megfelelő arányának kialakítása elősegítheti a költségvetés hatékonyabb védelmét. Aim: This study aims to review the legal framework regulating organized budgetary fraud, critique the evolving judicial practice shaped by frequent legislative changes, and outline several recommendations based on these observations. Methodology: Following a brief historical overview, the analysis examines key conceptual elements of criminal organizations — specifically \"hierarchical structure\" and \"conspiratorial operation\" — and evaluates their interpretation in judicial practice. The author compares findings from twenty randomly selected court decisions concerning budgetary fraud prosecuted under organized crime legislation with the aims and requirements of the legislation, and draws conclusions accordingly. Findings: The current legal framework has evolved through a long and winding path; however, it still fails to clearly differentiate between budgetary fraud committed as part of a criminal organization and that committed through criminal conspiracy, despite both causing multi-billion-forint damages to the national budget annually. Judicial practice tends to classify many such cases as involving organized crime, even when, from both theoretical and practical perspectives, attributing a less severe form of organized involvement would be more appropriate. The recommendations at the end of the study suggest that enhancing defendants’ willingness to cooperate could lead to more effective recovery of illicit assets and better support for reparative claims. Value: The proposals raised in this study may contribute to greater consistency in judicial decision-making, reinforcing the principles of legal certainty, proportionality, and subsidiarity in criminal law. Proper balancing of repressive sanctions and restorative measures could also enhance the protection of the national budget.

The Author analyses the competences of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts, especially the most important one – the authentic interpretation. At the beginning the Author shows the historical background for the Council. The interpretation of canon law was not included in the legal system until the XX century. Pope Benedict XVI with motu proprio Cum iuris canonici, dated 15 September 1917, established the Pontifical Commission of Cardinals for Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law. Then, Pope John Paul II, with motu proprio Recognito Iuris Canonici, dated 2 January 1984, established the Pontifical Commission for Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law. Under the Apostolic constitution Pastor bonus (28 June 1988), John Paul II changed its name to the Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of the Legislative Texts. The functions of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts are presented in the article. Its main competence is the interpretation of the laws of the Church (art. 154-155 Pastor bonus). Moreover, the Council is competent to grant the general decrees of the conferences of bishops the recognitio (art. 157 Pastor bonus) and is at the service of the other Roman dicasteries (art. 156 Pastor bonus). The Author shows the methods of work of the Pontifical Council and cites examples of the authentic interpretations of the Council (Commission). At the end of the article it is concluded that the interpretation's maxim of the canonical legal system is the “Spirit of the Vaticanum II”.

Although a fair amount has been written on the subject of African crime in general, and East African Livestock theft in particular, scant effort has been made to establish who, in a sociological sense, the criminals are. Among the Kuria, cattle theft is the occupation of choice of young Kuria men, whose households lack a sufficient number of daughters to bring enough number of bridewealth cattle into the household to enable the sons to acquire their first wives. Fleisher and Holloway analyze the field data collected in a random survey of agro-pastoral Kuria of the Tarime District in northern Tanzania to illuminate the characters of homesteads likely to include cattle raiders among their residents.

In 1998, a new movement swept through Kuria, in S.W. Kenya with dramatic effect. Cattle raiding fuelled by the increasing presence of guns had led to a situation of total insecurity, with all in fear of the thieves. In April of that year, a group of men in just one location, Bukira East, effected a new organisation merging ideas from the Tanzanian vigilante movement, sungusungu, with their own indigenous assembly, the iritongo. Within a year the movement had spread throughout Kuria and the District as a whole was at peace. This film revisits the iritongo movement ten years later. In telling the story of its origin, and its current operation, it reveals a broad contrast between the areas where the iritongo still operates, though with some difficulty, and those where it has faltered and died. In these latter areas there has been a revival of clan raiding and warfare. The film is observational in style, with the situation described through the words of the participants, emphasizing their agency. There is, thus, extensive use of sub-titles.