Explore the vast range of titles available.

Recently, flipped classrooms have received increasing research interest in various disciplines (Gaughan, 2014). Although researchers have identified major psychological factors affecting the quality of the flipped classroom, these factors have not been systematically or simultaneously examined. Drawing on the questionnaire data obtained from 39 university second-language learners of different achievement profiles, this study explores the relative effects of students' accepted workload, preferred form of work (group vs. individual) and perceived usefulness of flipped classrooms on these learners' perceptions and acceptance of a flipped classroom. Additionally, based on these university L2 learners' questionnaire responses, we examined if achievement levels (high vs. low achievers) would modulate the effects of the aforementioned factors. The results showed that high achievers could accept 2 hours of preparatory work prior to class, but that low achievers could only accept 1 hour of work. Additionally, while high achievers prefer individual work, low achievers like to work in groups. Based on the findings of the study, pedagogical implications for the implementation of the flipped classroom for mixed-level students are discussed.

Learning English is difficult in all non-English speaking countries, including Pakistan, because learning another language after the mother tongue is difficult. This research aimed to improve L2 learners’ communication skills through WhatsApp. This research was experimental; sixty average scoring students were selected through pre-tests for this experiment; then, using the fishbowl random sampling technique, two groups, control and experimental, were formed with 30 students each. It was found that the students who were taught with the help of WhatsApp had excellent communication skills in L2 as compared to those students who were taught by traditional methods without WhatsApp. Osnovni namen pričujoče raziskave je analizirati razvijanje tujejezikovnih komunikacijskih spretnosti pakistanskih dijakov s pomočjo aplikacije WhatsApp. Za ta namen smo izvedli eksperimentalno raziskavo, v kateri je sodelovalo šestdeset dijakov s povprečnimi rezultati, ki so bili izbrani na podlagi predtesta. Sledilo je oblikovanje kontrolne in eksperimentalne skupine, vsaka je zajela 30 učencev, in sicer z uporabo t. i. akvarijske tehnike naključnega vzorčenja. Pri kontrolni skupini smo uporabili tradicionalni pristop poučevanja tujega jezika, medtem ko je eksperimentalna skupina pri pouku uporabljala aplikacijo WhatsApp. Na osnovi rezultatov eksperimenta lahko zaključimo, da so v primerjavi z dijaki kontrolne skupine dijaki, ki so pri pouku uporabljali aplikacijo WhatsApp, pokazali boljše komunikacijske spretnosti v tujem jeziku. 

Code-switching (CS) processing is subject to modulation by language-internal properties and extralinguistic factors, including the distributional patterns of bilingual language production specific to a given bilingual community. To tease apart the roles of grammar and experience in CS processing, a group of advanced L1 English, L2 Spanish learners (n=39) immersed in an environment with ubiquitous code-switching (U.S. east coast) participated in a reading-while-eye-tracking experimental task. Spanish-English CS asymmetries present in the production of bilingual compound verbs and determiner-noun switches that differ in their regional use and frequency were tested. Results reveal that L2 learners are sensitive to the distributional production frequencies of CS present in their interactive context during online processing. However, the onset of these effects is somewhat delayed, indicating that the impact of environmental production frequencies may surface during later stage processing for L2 learners. Results are discussed in the context of experience-based frameworks of sentence processing.

This study investigates the role of emotion regulation strategies on achievement emotions among tertiary-level English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. It also explores the strategies employed by students to regulate these emotions. Employing a mixed-method sequential explanatory design, data was collected from forty-nine language learners attending prep-classes at the Department of Foreign Languages in a state university in Türkiye. The participants were categorized based on their utilization of cognitive reappraisal (CR), expressive suppression (ES), or a combination of both emotion regulation strategies (ERSs). They completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Academic Emotions Questionnaire-Foreign Language Classroom to assess differences in achievement emotions among groups. Subsequently, the participants provided narratives regarding their perceptions and regulation of emotions. Thematic analysis using MAXQDA (Version 2020) was conducted. Results revealed significant variations in emotions among groups, with the ES group reporting lower levels of positive emotions and higher levels of negative emotions compared to others. The study underscores the importance of evaluating emotion regulation strategies to foster sustainable and enjoyable language learning environments.

Code-switching (CS) processing is subject to modulation by language-internal properties and extralinguistic factors, including the distributional patterns of bilingual language production specific to a given bilingual community. To tease apart the roles of grammar and experience in CS processing, a group of advanced L1 English, L2 Spanish learners (n=39) immersed in an environment with ubiquitous code-switching (U.S. east coast) participated in a reading-while-eye-tracking experimental task. Spanish-English CS asymmetries present in the production of bilingual compound verbs and determiner-noun switches that differ in their regional use and frequency were tested. Results reveal that L2 learners are sensitive to the distributional production frequencies of CS present in their interactive context during online processing. However, the onset of these effects is somewhat delayed, indicating that the impact of environmental production frequencies may surface during later stage processing for L2 learners. Results are discussed in the context of experience-based frameworks of sentence processing.

Conversational interaction studies have typically focused either on second language (L2) learners participating in native speaker-nonnative speaker (NS-NNS) dyads or in NNS-NNS dyads. This study analyzes the task-based interactions of 26 naturally occurring learner dyads in an intermediate-level, university Spanish language classroom, 13 of which were matched L2 learner dyads and 13 of which were mixed L2 learner-heritage learner (HL) dyads. Specifically, the study compared the two dyad types to determine whether they differed in their focus on form or in the amount of talk produced during interaction. Results revealed that the two types of dyads were largely similar, although instances of focus on form were more likely to be resolved in a target-like way by mixed L2-HL pairs than by matched L2-L2 pairs, and there was significantly more target language talk in mixed pairs. Interestingly, L2 learners used the target language significantly more with HL learners than they did with other L2 learners, suggesting that different conversational norms may be at play in the two pair types. Furthermore, posttask questionnaire data indicated that L2 and HL learners alike saw the interaction as a greater opportunity for the L2 learner's development than for the HL learner's, calling into question whether classroom contexts like this one meet the needs of HL learners.

This article uses multimodal conversation analysis to investigate how the smartphone as a personal cognitive artifact features in second language (L2) use and learning. The data come from a pedagogical intervention that was organized as part of an integration learning course for adult L2 students with emerging literacy. The purpose of the intervention was to guide the students to participate in everyday interactions outside the language classroom and to learn from them. The analysis concentrates on a focal student's smartphone use during different phases of the intervention and offers a detailed account of how the smartphone provides affordances for the student to formulate recognizable social actions and participate in different phases of the pedagogical activity. The analysis adds to our current understanding of the role of mobile technology in L2 learning and illustrates how experiential pedagogy supports language learning as social activity. The findings can be used in designing pedagogical practices that support L2 students to develop their interactional competences on the basis of their own needs and goals.

Motivated by the rapid development and application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in education and the needs of language learners during the COVID-19 pandemic, an AI-enabled English language learning (AIELL) system featuring authentic and ubiquitous learning for the acquisition of vocabulary and grammar in English as a second language (L2) was developed. The aim of this study was to present the developmental process and methods used to design, develop, evaluate, and validate the AIELL system and to distil key design features for English learning in authentic contexts. There were 20 participants in the tests, with three interviewees in the study. Mixed research methods were employed to analyse the data, including a demonstration test, a usability test, and an interview. The quantitative and qualitative data collected and analysed affirmed the validity and usability of the design and helped identify areas for further improvements to the desired features. This study informs the integration of AI into facilitating language teaching and learning guided by the mobile learning principle.

Teachers often raise their vocal volume to improve intelligibility or capture students’ attention. While this practice is common in second language (L2) teaching, its effects on tone perception remain understudied. To fill this gap, this study explores the effects of loud speech on Mandarin tone perception for L2 learners. Twenty-two native Mandarin speakers and twenty-two Thai L2 learners were tested on their perceptual accuracy and reaction time in identifying Mandarin tones in loud and normal modes. Results revealed a significant between-group difference: native speakers consistently demonstrated a ceiling effect across all tones, while L2 learners exhibited lower accuracy, particularly for Tone 3, the falling-rising tone. The loud speech had different impacts on the two groups. For native speakers, tone perception accuracy remained stable across different speech modes. In contrast, for L2 learners, loud speech significantly reduced the accuracy of Tone 3 identification and increased confusion between Tones 2 and 3. Reaction times in milliseconds were prolonged for all tones in loud speech for both groups. When subtracting the length of the tones, the delay of RT was evident only for Tones 3 and 4. Therefore, raising the speaking volume negatively affects the Mandarin tone perception of L2 learners, especially in distinguishing Tone 2 and Tone 3. Our findings have implications for both theories of L2 tone perception and pedagogical practices.

Although pair work is advocated by major theories of second language (L2) learning and research findings suggest that pair work facilitates L2 learning, what is unclear is how to best pair students in L2 classes of mixed L2 proficiency. This study investigated the nature of pair work in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) class in a college in Saudi Arabia. The L2 proficiency of the learners in such classes is often quite heterogeneous. Thirty learners allocated into similar (high–high and low–low) and mixed–L2 proficiency pairs (five pairs in each proficiency pairing) completed a short composition. The audio recorded and transcribed pair talk was analysed for the learners’ overt focus on language use and amount of L2 used. In our analysis we took into consideration the effect of proficiency pairing as well as the dyadic relationship the learners formed. Our findings suggest that decisions regarding how to best pair students in heterogeneous classes depend on the aim of the activity, and that the dyadic relationship may be of greater significance than proficiency pairing.