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This report brings together the results of an eight-part series of presentations by leading experts in issues directly related to microfinance institutional sustainability. It is intended for microfinance institution (MFI) board members, managers, and staff members as well as for government regulators, supervisors, and donor staff members. The first four chapters include topics in risk management: (1) risk management systems, (2) good governance, (3) interest rates, and (4) micro-insurance. The last four chapters include four topics in new product development and efficient delivery methodologies: (5) housing microfinance, (6) micro-leasing, (7) disaster preparedness products and systems, and (8) new technologies. The objectives of the series were as follows: i) to strengthen MFIs by disseminating innovative approaches in risk management, cost control, governance, and new technologies; ii) to promote a South-South exchange of experiences and lessons learned; iii) to promote greater ties among the MFIs in the region and between MFIs and government supervisors and regulators; and iv) to highlight the Bank's ability to mobilize international technical expertise in microfinance.

Knowledge assets are key to innovative capability, but are perishable and may decay over time. Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) can prevent knowledge decay and maintain and enhance performance and innovation. This paper investigates if the use of a KMS mitigates employee turnover negative effects on organizational performance. Data on turnover and project performance from two software development teams from the same corporation were collected and compared. One team adopted and uses a KMS to support development, while the other did not implement a KMS. Paired t-tests were performed and confirmed that KMS usage moderate turnover impact on organizational performance. There is also evidence that, when KMS are not used, turnover and performance are correlated with a time lag. From a practical stance, results indicate that knowledge intensive firms can avoid knowledge assets loss by implementing a KMS.

The book clarifies many policy, and technical issues that confront resettlement policymakers, and practitioners. It provides guidance on resettlement design, implementation, and monitoring, and, it discusses resettlement issues particular to development projects in different sectors, such as urban development, natural resource management, and the building of dams. Construction of infrastructure, a prerequisite for sustained socioeconomic growth, often requires the acquisition of land, and therefore, the physical relocation, and economic displacement of people. If such impacts, collectively characterized as involuntary resettlement, are not identified, and adequately mitigated, some already vulnerable populations are likely to be further impoverished, thereby undermining the objectives of the development process. Integration of involuntary resettlement issues into development projects facilitates expeditious project implementation, and improves incomes and living standards of affected populations.

The publication is devoted to the development of recommendations for agricultural enterprises on the accounting of special operations to ensure the management function under martial law. The main problems of business production, which are the result of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine, are highlighted. The article summarizes the features of information support for the needs of management in martial law. The expediency of liberalizing the requirements for primary accounting for the special period is substantiated, which will allow adapting the documentation system to the specifics of organizing business processes under martial law. The main changes in the organization of labor relations and accounting for payments to employees are indicated. The procedure for taxation of charitable assistance is reflected, considering changes in the current legislation, the procedure for assessing charitable assistance, and a methodology for its accounting when providing and receiving is proposed. An algorithm for providing state assistance to small and medium-sized agricultural producers through the compensation of the interest rate on attracted loans has been studied, and a method for accounting for such assistance has been proposed. It is singled out as a specific object of accounting, the property of enterprises, which, due to its territorial location in the zone of active hostilities, in the zone of temporary occupation or other negative factors of the influence of the war, has become unuseful. It is concluded that the procedure for determining the amount of the expected recovery of an asset and losses from reducing its applicability, which is given in NSA No 28, cannot be applied in the event of the destruction of property (full or partial) and due to other negative factors of war impact. Such an assessment procedure should be determined by the state centrally, considering current wastage and losses from lost profits in the future; the procedure for accounting for the loss of utility of such property is proposed. The possibilities of tax management of agricultural enterprises to change the taxation system under martial law have been studied and methodological modes of reflection in the accounting of calculations for a single tax of payers of the 3rd group are offered.

Economic history conducting investigations into financial crises of the long 20th century primarily analyses the permanent character of crises and their macroeconomic consequences. Statistics focuses, primarily, on the number of bank failures, corpo-rate bankruptcies, low macroeconomic output (gross domestic product [GDP]), decreased employment rates, increased inflation, and government debts. Both economic history and statistics only deal with the decrease in household income and with losses in their net wealth positions afterwards.The authors of this study investigate the impact of the 2008 crisis on household income and their net wealth positions. They also examine options of restoring household income in Visegrad countries based on the data of NUTS 2 level (Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques) territorial units. The authors have used empirical analysis and statistical comparison for the change of the income and wealth situation of the Visegrad countries’ households. The results show that in the 2000s, the growth in the income gap between households slowed down, but after the crisis of 2008, the differentiation of the wealth of households in the region continued. As a result of this crisis, the income differences also started to rise again, which led to even wider gaps in income inequalities. Recovery of income and wealth has begun, but it will take at least 3-4 years to reach the pace of the precrisis growth. In addition, its level could be permanently lower since households and credit institutions behave more cautiously than before the crisis.

The traditional concepts of water resource development and utilization have caused serious hydrological and environmental issues in some regions. In addition, policy issues in China have led to a severe water crisis. The quantitative accounting of water resources is a theoretical approach to solving these problems. In this paper, 13 indicators were selected from four classes, including resources, the environment, society, and efficiency, and a case study of Jinan, Shandong Province, was performed using a set pair analysis model to calculate the water resource assets from 2011–2015. In previous methods of water resource accounting, the water quality was not considered; therefore, the loss coefficient of water resource assets was proposed to improve the reliability of accounting. According to the relationships among the unit price of water, water quantity, and water quality, physical and quantitative accounting methods were used to create water balance sheets from 2011–2015. The calculation results showed that the physical change in water resource assets in Jinan City was −30 million m 3 , and water resource assets initially increased and then decreased. In 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, water resource assets totalled 36.5 million USD, 45.9 million USD, 66.7 million USD, 35.5 million USD, and 37.5 million USD, respectively (at 6.4588, 6.3125, 6.1932, 6.2166, 6.2284 USRMB, respectively). This initial accounting provides quantitative and physical support for the improved management of water resources.

The failure of some disaster insurance market has been a very serious problem. This paper focuses on why disaster reinsurance fails and how that will affect the availability of primary disaster insurance. The insurer’s unexpected costs are added to the expected costs associated with the insured event to illustrate the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of disaster insurance and reinsurance. Particularly, investors’ negative response to an insurer’s huge, disaster-related liability exposures may lead to availability problem unless the insurer’s asset value losses in the financial market can be minimized. A large insurer may be more likely to withdraw from underwriting disaster insurance. Three different pricing schemes for disaster reinsurance contracts are investigated. The one which is based on the Option Pricing Theory is rejected because it leads to market failure.

Frequent flooding has been a significant problem in Freetown, causing loss of lives and properties. The situation is worse for coastal residents, who are more vulnerable and exposed to the impacts. The government has made commitments to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity by 2030. However, there is currently insufficient information to comprehend the coastal residents of Portee and Rokupa’s capacity to adapt to the yearly flooding to which they are subjected. This study aims to assess the adaptive capacity of 204 slum households selected by purposive sampling and using the local adaptive capacity framework. The results show that the widespread adaptive concerns are unflood-proofed housing; low membership in community-based organizations; and the lack of innovative, flexible and forward-looking flood management initiatives. This study argues that the inhabitants have reached their adaptation limit and are now fated to more loss and damage. The author recommends future studies to forecast the assets in the study location that will potentially be affected by different flood intensities when subjected to future climate change scenarios.

The failure of some disaster insurance market has been a very serious problem. This paper focuses on why disaster reinsurance fails and how that will affect the availability of primary disaster insurance. The insurer’s unexpected costs are added to the expected costs associated with the insured event to illustrate the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of disaster insurance and reinsurance. Particularly, investors’ negative response to an insurer’s huge, disaster-related liability exposures may lead to availability problem unless the insurer’s asset value losses in the financial market can be minimized. A large insurer may be more likely to withdraw from underwriting disaster insurance. Three different pricing schemes for disaster reinsurance contracts are investigated. The one which is based on the Option Pricing Theory is rejected because it leads to market failure.

This chapter contains sections titled: Need for Control Systems Types of Fraud Key Controls When to Eliminate Controls Summary