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In a study involving 51 patients with electronic-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury in 16 states across the United States, vitamin E acetate was detected in samples of bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid from 94% of the patients but not in samples from a healthy comparator group.

Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is an often disease affecting piglets. It is caused mainly by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) colonization in pig gut. Antibiotics has been used to prevent, combat and control PWD and its negative impact on the productivity of pig breeding sector. Nonetheless, antibiotics due to their wide antibacterial spectrum also can reach beneficial gut bacteria, such as Lactobacillus . Lately, essential oils (EOs) have emerged as a potential alternative to using antibiotics in animal breeding because of their effect on bacterial growth. Commonly, citrus EOs are by-products of food industry and the availability of these EOs in the worldwide market is huge. Thus, six commercials citrus EOs were evaluated on ETEC strains, as model of pathogenic bacteria, and on Lactobacillus species, as models of beneficial bacteria. In overall, citrus EOs exhibited a selective antibacterial activity with higher effect on pathogenic bacteria (ETECs) than beneficial bacteria ( Lactobacillus) . Brazilian orange terpenes (BOT) oil presented the highest selective performance and caused higher disturbances on the normal growth kinetic of ETEC than on Lactobacillus rhamnosus . The action was dose-dependent on the maximal culture density ( A ) and the lag phase duration (λ) of the ETEC. The highest sub-inhibitory concentration (0.925 mg/mL) extended the λ duration to ETEC eight times (14.6 h) and reduced A in 55.9%. For L. rhamnosus , the λ duration was only extended 1.6 times. Despite the fact that limonene was detected as the major compound, the selective antibacterial activity of the citrus EOs could not be exclusively attributed to limonene since the presence of minor compounds could be implicated in conferring this feature.

is a genus of shrubs that produces strong aromatic essential oils. These oils have numerous applications, including treating urinary infections, flavoring food, and alleviating gastrointestinal ailments. We conducted an experiment to track the essential oil yield and composition of two Rhus species, Aiton and Nutt., over the course of the growing season. The essential oil yield and composition were examined over four weeks from May to June 2023. We found that higher ambient temperature lowered the total yield of essential oils. Yield decreased in both species over the course of the experiment, with a yield of 0.21% in week 1 and 0.07% in week 4. The composition of oils changed as the outside temperature increased. Some of the lighter hydrocarbons, such as limonene, decreased, while other heavier hydrocarbons, including β-caryophyllene and germacrene D, increased as the outside temperature rose. Limonene was also shown to be the main component of essential oil at an average of 86.2% area, with >98% of that being the enantiomer D-limonene. Additionally, the effect of different drying methods on the yield and composition of the essential oils was investigated. The results show that when drying the plant material in the oven, a greater yield of 0.31% is obtained, whereas the shade- and sun-dry methods yield 0.09% and 0.02%, respectively. The main component of was α-pinene compared to the D-limonene in . This study helps to understand more of the correlation between outside temperature and essential yield/composition in the species , particularly during the May-June sampling period. To compare two species that get commonly grouped together as the same species, SPME Headspace was used to determine that the main component of was α-pinene compared to D-limonene being the main component in .

The seeds of Trachyspermum ammi were gathered at the ripening stage from different regions of Iran and grouped into 14 populations (P1-P14) accordingly. The essential oil (EO) extraction yielded in the 3.16–5% range. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and 11 constituents were identified. Thymol (59.92–96.4%), p -cymene (0.55–21.15%), γ-terpinene (0.23–17.78%), and carvacrol (0.41–2.77%) were the major constituents. The highest contents of thymol and carvacrol were found in the Ghayen population (P2). Also, P2 and P8 (Estahban) had the highest value of total phenol (TPC) 43.2 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, and total flavonoids (TFC) 8.03 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g DW, respectively. P1 (Kalat) had the highest total coumarin (TCC) value (0.26 mg coumarin equivalent CE/g DW). Based on EO constituents, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis classified populations into two chemotypes of thymol/ p -cymene/γ-terpinene and thymol/carvacrol. The highest positive correlation coefficient was between α-terpinene and limonene (0.96), while the highest negative correlation was between thymol and p -cymene (–0.984). The antioxidant activities of extracts and EOs were evaluated by phosphomolybdenum (total antioxidant capacity; TAC), diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH IC 50 ), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Also, the antimicrobial activity of EOs was studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . P8 with high thymol, EO content (%v/w), TFC, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities is recommended but further studies are needed to confirm the chemotype introduction.

The air quality benefits of indoor plants are widely recognized, but their capacity to emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as terpenes remains less explored. This research quantifies the impact of a common fragrant household plant, Plectranthus tomentosa , on indoor terpene levels within residential environments. The emission characteristics of terpenes from potted and hydroculture plants were investigated using PTR-TOF-MS in a controlled chamber, and exposure levels in residential environments were assessed using passive sampler (ePTFE PS). Deploying fragrant plants, particularly hydroculture plants, led to a substantial elevation of indoor terpene concentrations. In 30 homes, hydroculture plants increased average limonene and α -pinene concentrations by 2.3 and 2.5 times, respectively, over 3 h. Our findings demonstrate that fragrant plants, particularly when hydroculture, act as a significant source of limonene and α -pinene. In contrast, the plants exhibited negligible removal efficiency for BTEX compounds. The mean estimated daily exposure dose (DED) for limonene inhalation in infants was 45.4 µg/kg/day, which was significantly higher than that in adults at 13.7 µg/kg/day when deploying hydroculture plants. These results suggest that fragrant plants should be carefully selected and managed, especially in indoor environments where sensitive individuals are present.

Microbial communities are responsible for the unique functional properties of chocolate. During microbial growth, several antimicrobial and antioxidant metabolites are produced and can influence human wellbeing. In the last decades, the use of starter cultures in cocoa fermentation has been pushed to improve nutritional value, quality, and the overall product safety. However, it must be noted that unpredictable changes in cocoa flavor have been reported between the different strains from the same species used as a starter, causing a loss of desirable notes and flavors. Thus, the importance of an accurate selection of the starter cultures based on the biogenic effect to complement and optimize chocolate quality has become a major interest for the chocolate industry. This paper aimed to review the microbial communities identified from spontaneous cocoa fermentations and focused on the yeast starter strains used in cocoa beans and their sensorial and flavor profile. The potential compounds that could have health-promoting benefits like limonene, benzaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, 2-methylbutanal, phenylacetaldehyde, and 2-phenylethyl acetate were also evaluated as their presence remained constant after roasting. Further research is needed to highlight the future perspectives of microbial volatile compounds as biomarkers to warrant food quality and safety.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in exhaled breath can help in analysing biochemical processes in the human body. Liver diseases can be traced using VOCs as biomarkers for physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In this work, we propose non-invasive and quick breath monitoring approach for early detection and progress monitoring of liver diseases using Isoprene, Limonene, and Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) as potential biomarkers. A pilot study is performed to design a dataset that includes the biomarkers concentration analysed from the breath sample before and after study subjects performed an exercise. A machine learning approach is applied for the prediction of scores for liver function diagnosis. Four regression methods are performed to predict the clinical scores using breath biomarkers data as features set by the machine learning techniques. A significant difference was observed for isoprene concentration ( p  < 0.01) and for DMS concentration ( p  < 0.0001) between liver patients and healthy subject’s breath sample. The R-square value between actual clinical score and predicted clinical score is found to be 0.78, 0.82, and 0.85 for CTP score, APRI score, and MELD score, respectively. Our results have shown a promising result with significant different breath profiles between liver patients and healthy volunteers. The use of machine learning for the prediction of scores is found very promising for use of breath biomarkers for liver function diagnosis.

Contact dermatitis linked to cosmetic products is a very common reason for visits to the dermatologist, and in more than half the cases, it is due to an allergic reaction. Fragrances are most often the culprit. The aim of the study was to describe the common fragrance allergens in different categories of cosmetic products available on the European market. We wanted to assess the influence of cosmetic type and distribution channel on the presence of fragrance allergens. There are the allergens whose concentration exceeds 0.001% in leave-on products and 0.01% in rinse-off products. A total of 2044 commercial hygiene, care, and makeup cosmetic products were analyzed to specifically study regulated fragrance allergens. The influence that the product category and its distribution channel (retail stores and specialized stores such as beauty institutes or hairdressers and pharmacy) have on the prevalence of these allergens was evaluated. The Kruskal-Wallis test has been used for statistical data analysis. There is a wide range of fragrance allergens, the most common being limonene (found in about 30% of products tested), linalool (just over a quarter of the products tested), and benzyl alcohol (approximately 16% of the products tested). The average number of allergens found and their nature varies depending on the type of product in question (maximum number for shampoos and oral care with about 70 allergens and minimum number for nail polish and makeup for eyes with fewer than 10 allergens). In the area of hygiene, deodorants and oral hygiene products are particularly noteworthy, the former for their significantly high number of allergens and the latter for their low number. There is also a significant difference between the number of allergens found in eye makeup and foundations. Our results indicate that the number of regulated fragrance allergens is particularly influenced by the type of products.

Volatile compounds in flowers of Rhododendron delavayi, R. agastum, R. annae, and R. irroratum were analyzed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC) coupled with high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS). A significantly increased number of compounds was separated by GC×GC compared to conventional one-dimensional GC (1DGC), allowing more comprehensive understanding of the volatile composition of Rhododendron flowers. In total, 129 volatile compounds were detected and quantified. Among them, hexanal, limonene, benzeneacetaldehyde, 2-nonen-1-ol, phenylethyl alcohol, citronellal, isopulegol, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, and pyridine are the main compounds with different content levels in all flower samples. 1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-methyl-benzene exhibits significantly higher content in R. irroratum compared to in the other three species, while isopulegol is only found in R. irroratum and R. agastum.

The genus Thymus L., belonging to the Lamiaceae family, contains about 220 species with a distribution that mainly extends in Europe, northwest Africa, Ethiopia, Asia, and southern Greenland. Due to their excellent biological properties, fresh and/or dried leaves and aerial parts of several Thymus ssp. have been utilized in the traditional medicine of many countries. To evaluate not only the chemical aspects but also the biological properties, the essential oils (EOs), obtained from the pre-flowering and flowering aerial parts of Thymus richardii subsp. nitidus (Guss.) Jalas, endemic to Marettimo Island (Sicily, Italy), were investigated. The chemical composition of the EOs, obtained by classical hydrodistillation and GC-MS and GC-FID analyses, showed the occurrence of similar amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The main constituents of the pre-flowering oil were β-bisabolene (28.54%), p-cymene (24.45%), and thymol methyl ether (15.90%). The EO obtained from the flowering aerial parts showed as principal metabolites β-bisabolene (17.91%), thymol (16.26%), and limonene (15.59%). The EO of the flowering aerial parts, and its main pure constituents, β-bisabolene, thymol, limonene, p-cymene, and thymol methyl ether were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens and for their antibiofilm and antioxidant properties.