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"Linguistic models."
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Computational paralinguistics : emotion, affect and personality in speech and language processing
This book presents the methods, tools and techniques that are currently being used to recognise (automatically) the affect, emotion, personality and everything else beyond linguistics ('paralinguistics') expressed by or embedded in human speech and language.
It is the first book to provide such a systematic survey of paralinguistics in speech and language processing. The technology described has evolved mainly from automatic speech and speaker recognition and processing, but also takes into account recent developments within speech signal processing, machine intelligence and data mining.
Moreover, the book offers a hands-on approach by integrating actual data sets, software, and open-source utilities which will make the book invaluable as a teaching tool and similarly useful for those professionals already in the field.
Key features:
* Provides an integrated presentation of basic research (in phonetics/linguistics and humanities) with state-of-the-art engineering approaches for speech signal processing and machine intelligence.
* Explains the history and state of the art of all of the sub-fields which contribute to the topic of computational paralinguistics.
* C overs the signal processing and machine learning aspects of the actual computational modelling of emotion and personality and explains the detection process from corpus collection to feature extraction and from model testing to system integration.
* Details aspects of real-world system integration including distribution, weakly supervised learning and confidence measures.
* Outlines machine learning approaches including static, dynamic and context?sensitive algorithms for classification and regression.
* Includes a tutorial on freely available toolkits, such as the open-source 'openEAR' toolkit for emotion and affect recognition co-developed by one of the authors, and a listing of standard databases and feature sets used in the field to allow for immediate experimentation enabling the reader to build an emotion detection model on an existing corpus.
eBook
The prosody of formulaic sequences : corpus and discourse
\"To apply the same approaches to analysing spoken and written formulaic language is problematic; to do so masks the fact that the contextual meaning of spoken formulaic language is encoded, to a large extent, in its prosody. In The Prosody of Formulaic Sequences, Phoebe Lin offers a new perspective on formulaic language, arguing that while past research often treats formulaic language as a lexical phenomenon, the phonological aspect of it is a more fundamental facet. This book draws its conclusions from three original, empirical studies of spoken formulaic language, assessing intonation unit boundaries as well as features such as tempo and stress placement. Across all studies, Lin considers questions of methodology and conceptual framework. The corpus-based descriptions of prosody outlined in this book not only deepen our understanding of the nature of formulaic language but have important implications for English Language Teaching and automatic speech synthesis\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Evidential Basis of Linguistic Argumentation
This chapter provides a survey about the most frequent methods of inconsistency resolution in Optimality Theory. With the help of the p-model, inconsistencies in OT are divided into two main groups. The first group includes conflicts that are deemed to be fatal and are solved usually by the modification of the theory: namely, clashes between \"linguistic data\" (acceptability judgements) and applications of the model (results of the evaluation procedure). The second group consists of conflicts that are, in contrast, tolerable in the view of OT theorists: inconsistencies between constraints and the best output candidates. The author's analyses result in the conclusion that there is no radical break between OT and \"standard\" Generative Grammars with respect to the treatment of inconsistencies.
eBook
Colloquial English : structure and variation
\"Colloquial English Drawing on vast amounts of new data from live, unscripted radio and TV broadcasts, and the internet, this is a brilliant and original analysis of colloquial English, revealing unusual and largely unreported types of clause structure. Andrew Radford debunks the myth that colloquial English has a substandard, simplified grammar, and shows that it has a coherent and complex structure of its own. The book develops a theoretically sophisticated account of structure and variation in colloquial English, advancing an area that has been previously investigated from other perspectives, such as corpus linguistics or conversational analysis, but never before in such detail from a formal syntactic viewpoint\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Group operations and isomorphic relation with the 2-tuple linguistic variables
This paper aims to put forth the theory of 2-tuple linguistic groups concerning the binary operation in the conventional sense. For this, a formal methodology has been introduced to prove that a predefined nonempty linguistic term set,
LT
, and the interval,
[
-
1
2
,
1
2
]
, forms a group. Further, we have proved that a set of all 2-tuple linguistic information,
LT
¯
≡
L
T
×
[
-
1
2
,
1
2
]
, and numerical interval,
[
-
n
,
n
]
, where
n
is presumed to be a positive integer, also forms a group. Later on, we develop a one-to-one correspondence and homomorphic group relation between the set of all 2-tuple linguistic information and numerical interval,
[
-
n
,
n
]
. Henceforth, a similarity relation between the two groups is obtained. Finally, a practical application is defined by proposing the notion of a 2-tuple linguistic bipolar graph to illustrate the usefulness and practicality of the group isomorphic relation.
Journal Article
Native Listening
Understanding speech in our native tongue seems natural and effortless; listening to speech in a nonnative language is a different experience. In this book, Anne Cutler argues that listening to speech is a process of native listening because so much of it is exquisitely tailored to the requirements of the native language. Her cross-linguistic study (drawing on experimental work in languages that range from English and Dutch to Chinese and Japanese) documents what is universal and what is language specific in the way we listen to spoken language. Cutler describes the formidable range of mental tasks we carry out, all at once, with astonishing speed and accuracy, when we listen. These include evaluating probabilities arising from the structure of the native vocabulary, tracking information to locate the boundaries between words, paying attention to the way the words are pronounced, and assessing not only the sounds of speech but prosodic information that spans sequences of sounds. She describes infant speech perception, the consequences of language-specific specialization for listening to other languages, the flexibility and adaptability of listening (to our native languages), and how language-specificity and universality fit together in our language processing system. Drawing on her four decades of work as a psycholinguist, Cutler documents the recent growth in our knowledge about how spoken-word recognition works and the role of language structure in this process. Her book is a significant contribution to a vibrant and rapidly developing field.
eBook
Fundamentals of Formulaic Language
This is the first book to address formulaic language directly and provide a foundation of knowledge for graduates and researchers in early stages of study of this important language phenomenon. It is also suitable for students of linguistics, applied linguistics, and language teacher education. The information that currently exists is scattered throughout articles and book chapters across a range of subfields of linguistics and applied linguistics. Over the past few decades there has been a steadily increasing interest and research focus on the phenomenon of formulaic language in the fields of linguistics and applied linguistics. Slowly, a consistent definition has emerged, centring around the idea that formulaic sequences are multi-word units with specific meanings or functions, and some evidence points to their being processed mentally as wholes. Researchers from diverse backgrounds have identified the nature and roles of formulaic sequences in language acquisition and production, in the construction of text and discourse, in spoken and written language, and in language teaching. The increasing volume, diversity, and complexity of the state of knowledge about this emerging area of study is marshalled by this intelligent and well-written book.
eBook
Matrix Games with Interval-Valued 2-Tuple Linguistic Information
In this paper, a two-player constant-sum interval-valued 2-tuple linguistic matrix game is construed. The value of a linguistic matrix game is proven as a non-decreasing function of the linguistic values in the payoffs, and, hence, a pair of auxiliary linguistic linear programming (LLP) problems is formulated to obtain the linguistic lower bound and the linguistic upper bound of the interval-valued linguistic value of such class of games. The duality theorem of LLP is also adopted to establish the equality of values of the interval linguistic matrix game for players I and II. A flowchart to summarize the proposed algorithm is also given. The methodology is then illustrated via a hypothetical example to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed theory in the real world. The designed algorithm demonstrates acceptable results in the two-player constant-sum game problems with interval-valued 2-tuple linguistic payoffs.
Journal Article
Research methods in interpreting : a practical resource
This is the first book to deliver a comprehensive guide to research methods in all types of interpreting. It brings together the expertise of two world-recognized scholars in spoken and signed language interpreting to cover the full scope of the discipline.It features questions, prompts and exercises throughout to highlight key concepts, provoke thought and encourage reader interaction. It deals fully with research in both conference and community interpreting, offering a variety of perspectives on both. Core areas such as reading and analyzing research literature, practical issues in research and producing research reports are all covered. This book is an indispensable tool for students and researchers of Interpreting as well as professionals and interpreter trainers.
eBook