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Mafic and ultramafic xenoliths were erupted with hawaiite lavas from a post-shield, Laupahoehoe cinder cone on Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii. Major element compositions of clinopyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase in these xenoliths do not clearly differentiate between parental Hawaiian tholeiitic, transitional, or alkalic magmas. To clarify the parental magma compositions, incompatible trace element concentrations in clinopyroxene were analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The compositions of equilibrium liquids were calculated using published clinopyroxene/basalt partition coefficients. The REE patterns and concentrations of Sr, Ba, Ti, and Zr in most calculated liquids are similar to transitional and alkalic lavas of post-shield Hamakua Volcanics and unlike the younger host lava, the more alkalic Laupahoehoe Volcanics. In contrast, liquids in equilibrium with clinopyroxene in a wehrlite and an olivine gabbro have trace element concentrations similar to tholeiitic shield basalts. Thus, these xenoliths represent cumulates crystallized at depth from the shield stage tholeiitic and post-shield Hamakua magmas and were then entrained in the younger alkalic Laupahoehoe lavas. The composition of the xenoliths and the calculated liquids show that the Hamakua Volcanics and Laupahoehoe Volcanics are not related to one another by deep fractionation, but instead are derived from compositionally distinct sources and different degrees of melting.

Olivine in Hawaiian tholeiitic lavas have high NiO at given forsterite (Fo) contents (e.g., 0.25-0.60 wt% at Fo88) compared to MORB (e.g., 0.10-0.28 wt% at Fo88). This difference is commonly related to source variables such as depth and temperature of melting and/or lithology. Hawaiian olivine NiO contents are also highly variable and can range from 0.25-0.60 wt% at a given Fo. Here we examine the effects of crustal processes (fractional crystallization, magma mixing, diffusive re-equilibration) on the Ni content in olivine from Hawaiian basalts. Olivine compositions for five major Hawaiian volcanoes can be subdivided at ≥Fo88 into high-Ni (0.25-0.60 wt% NiO; Ko'olau, Mauna Loa, and Mauna Kea) and low-Ni (0.25-0.45 wt% NiO; Kilauea and Lo'ihi), groups that are unrelated to major isotopic trends (e.g., Loa and Kea). Within each group, individual volcanoes show up to 2.5× variation in olivine NiO contents at a given Fo. Whole-rock Ni contents from Ko'olau, Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, and Kilauea lavas overlap significantly and do not correlate with differences in olivine NiO contents. However, inter-volcano variations in parental melt polymerization (NBO/T) and nickel partition coefficients (DNiOl/melt), caused by variable melt SiO2, correlate with observed differences in olivine NiO at Fo90, indicating that an olivine-free source lithology does not produce the inter-volcano groups. Additionally, large intra-volcano variations in olivine NiO can occur with minimal variation in lava SiO2 and NBO/T. Minor variations in parental melt NiO contents (0.09-0.11 wt%) account for the observed range of NiO in ≥Fo88 olivine. High-precision electron microprobe analyses of olivine from Kilauea eruptions (1500-2010 C.E.) show that the primary controls on 50% more likely to preserve original Xpx compared to smaller phenocrysts (400 µm along c-axis) which rarely (6%) recover original Xpx. Sections that are parallel or sub-parallel to the c-axis and/or pass near the core of the crystal best preserve growth signatures. Thus, diffusive re-equilibration, crystal size, and sectioning effects can strongly influence the characterization of mantle source lithologies for Hawaiian volcanoes.

This paper finds that the most difficult U.S. state high point climbs are saved for the end. 50th completers are significantly more likely to save more difficult U.S. state high points for their final high point ascent. There is also some more limited evidence that 50th completers save more distant high points for their final ascent.

Few ponds are found in the permeable volcanic landscape of Hawaii. After Hurricane Lane passed close to Hawaii Island in August 2018, causing record rainfalls, a pond temporarily emerged on the Mauna Kea summit plateau that had never been reported before. We characterize the pond using satellite observations and electrical resistivity tomography. The shallow pond is located on glacial till 3,594 m a.s.l., and was visible for less than 1 week. The geophysical survey, carried out 10 months after the pond's appearance and disappearance, revealed a layer of low electrical resistivity at depths of about 1–3 m below the surface, which, based on laboratory analysis, likely represents a perennial body of water well protected from evaporation. The existence of a third pond, in addition to Lake Waiau and Pu‘upōhaku Pond, in the previously glaciated area suggests perching layers are not uncommon. Montmorillonite, a 3-layer shrink-swell clay that can help to perch water, was identified in the Lake Waiau area. Mineral analysis on surface samples of the third pond did not reveal such a clay mineral.

In January 1958, a survey of alpine flora was conducted along a recently constructed access road across the upper volcanic slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii (2525-–3397 m). Only five native Hawaiian species were encountered on sparsely vegetated historic and prehistoric lava flows adjacent to the roadway. A resurvey of roadside flora in 2008 yielded a more than fourfold increase to 22 species, including nine native species not previously recorded. Eight new alien species have now invaded this alpine environment, although exclusively limited to a few individuals in ruderal habitat along the roadway. Alternative explanations for species invasion and altitudinal change over the past 50 years are evaluated: (1) changes related to continuing primary succession on ameliorating (weathering) young lava substrates; (2) local climate change; and (3) road improvements and increased vehicular access which promote enhanced car-borne dispersal of alien species derived from the expanding pool of potential colonizers naturalized on the island in recent decades. Unlike alpine environments in temperate latitudes, the energy component (warming) in climate change on Mauna Loa does not appear to be the unequivocal driver of plant invasion and range extension. Warming may be offset by other climate change factors including rainfall and evapotranspiration.

The final Stage (Phase‐2) of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP) recovered 408 m of basaltic core (3098–3506 mbsl) attributed to Mauna Kea volcano. We determined the major and trace element composition of 40 samples from this core. Our results show that the incompatible element ratios, such as Zr/Nb, which are correlated with Pb isotopic ratios, are more variable in the lower 408 m of Mauna Kea shield lavas than in the overlying 2855 m (∼450 ka). We argue that this geochemical diversity was present in the mantle source of Mauna Kea shield lavas and does not require the inter‐fingering of lavas from adjacent volcanoes. Because of uncertainties in Ni partitioning between olivine and melt and the wide range of Ni contents in peridotites, we show that all Mauna Kea lavas may have been derived from a peridotite source. We also obtained major and trace element compositions for 24 whole‐rock clasts and hyaloclastites and 7 glasses from HSDP Phase‐1 core between 1767 and 1808 mbs. These enigmatic lavas, previously recognized by the distinctive high CaO and K2O contents of their glasses, are also relatively enriched in highly incompatible trace elements. We show that this group of lavas have affinities with post‐shield lavas and argue that they are a consequence of lower degrees of melting (∼a factor of two) than other Mauna Kea shield lavas, thereby providing evidence that magma supply varied significantly during the growth of the Mauna Kea shield. Key Points Compositions imply source components were present early in volcanoes history Magma supply waxed and waned during growth of the Mauna Kea shield No need for a pyroxenitic source component or lavas from other volcanoes

Abstract This article is a brief response to Jennifer Graber's The Gods of Indian Country and Pamela Klassen's The Story of Radio Mind. The author responds to both texts with attention to questions of method and theory at the intersection of Indigenous studies and religious studies. This response includes comparative reflections from the author's research contexts concerned with religion and law in contemporary Hawai`i and on Mauna Kea in particular.

The selection of the sacred summit of Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi as the site for a Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) inaugurated a surge in activism against desecration of the mountain, particularly following a TMT groundbreaking ceremony in October 2014. Drawing on fieldwork I conducted immediately preceding and following the groundbreaking, I argue that the protectors in these initial years of protection were theorizing an Indigenous future that can be seen unfolding in the immediate present. The accumulated tensions between the state’s parameters for recognition and the existence of Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) people and practice results in a dangerous dichotomy between Hawaiian knowledges and Western science that delegitimizes the former, so that Kānaka Maoli protecting Mauna Kea from the Thirty Meter Telescope are framed as antiscience, rather than anti-occupation. In response to the state’s disavowal of settler colonialism through the denial of Kanaka knowledges, Kanaka protection of Mauna Kea asserts itself as an anti-occupation reclamation of not just sovereign territory, but also of Kanaka ontologies. This combination demonstrates the mutually constituted nature of science, the sacred, and sovereignty under a Kanaka worldview. Kānaka Maoli position the struggle as a part of an ongoing sovereignty movement to assert continuities between their historical, contemporary, and emergent claims to land and knowledge.

The Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project recovered core from a 3.5 km deep hole from the flank of Mauna Kea volcano, providing a long, essentially continuous record of the volcano's physical and petrologic development that has been used to infer the chemical and physical characteristics of the Hawaiian mantle plume. Determining a precise accumulation rate via 40Ar/39Ar dating of the shield‐stage tholeiites, which constitute 95–98% of the volcano's volume is challenging. We applied40Ar/39Ar dating using laser‐ and furnace‐heating in two laboratories (Berkeley and Curtin) to samples of two lava flows from deep in the core (∼3.3 km). All determinations yield concordant isochron ages, ranging from 612 ± 159 to 871 ± 302 ka (2σ; with P ≥ 0.90). The combined data yield an age of 681 ± 120 ka (P = 0.77) for pillow lavas near the bottom of the core. This new age, when regressed with 40Ar/39Ar isochron ages previously obtained for tholeiites higher in the core, defines a constant accumulation rate of 8.4 ± 2.6 m/ka that can be used to interpolate the ages of the tholeiites in the HSDP core with a mean uncertainty of about ±83 ka. For example at ∼3300 mbsl, the age of 664 ± 83 ka estimated from the regression diverges at the 95% confidence level from the age of 550 ka obtained from the numerical model of DePaolo and Stolper (1996). The new data have implications for the timescale of the growth of Hawaiian volcanoes, the paleomagnetic record in the core, and the dynamics of the Hawaiian mantle plume. Key Points We measured the 40Ar/39Ar ages on lavas from the deepest section of the HSDP‐2 We obtained a combined age of 681+/‐120 ka at ~3.3 km depth 40Ar/39Ar data show an accumulation rate 8.4 +/‐ 2.6 m/ka along the HSDP‐2 core

Insects that should be considered for conservation attention are often overlooked because of a lack of data. The detailed information necessary to assess population growth, decline, and maximum range is particularly difficult to acquire for rare and cryptic species. Many of these difficulties can be overcome with the use of life table analyses and heat energy accumulation models common in agriculture. The wekiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola), endemic to the summit of one volcanic mountain in Hawaii, is a rare insect living in an environmentally sensitive alpine stone desert, where field‐based population assessments would be inefficient or potentially detrimental to natural and cultural resources. We conducted laboratory experiments with the insects by manipulating rearing temperatures of laboratory colonies and made detailed observations of habitat conditions to develop life tables representing population growth parameters and environmental models for wekiu bug phenology and demographic change. Wekiu bugs developed at temperatures only found in its environment on sunny days and required the thermal buffer found on cinder cones for growth and population increase. Wekiu bugs required approximately 3.5 months to complete one generation. The bug developed optimally from 26 to 30 °C, temperatures that are much higher than the air temperature attains in its elevational range. The developmental temperature range of the species confirmed a physiological reason why the wekiu bug is only found on cinder cones. This physiology information can help guide population monitoring and inform habitat restoration and conservation. The wekiu bug was a candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, and the developmental parameters we quantified were used to determine the species would not be listed as endangered or threatened. The use of developmental threshold experiments, life table analyses, and degree day modeling can directly inform otherwise unobservable habitat needs and demographic characteristics of extremely rare insects. Aplicación de Análisis Demográfico de Desarrollo Agrícola para la Conservación del Insecto Weiku Alpino Hawaiano