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In this study, we examine how mobility and on-going changes in sociocultural contexts impact family language policy (FLP) in the UK. Using a questionnaire and involving 470 transnational families across the UK, our study provides a descriptive analysis of different family language practices in England and establishes how attitudes influence the different types of FLP in these families. Complementing the descriptive analysis, we use interview data to understand the driving forces behind the different types of language practices and language management activities, and explore how ideological constructs of ‘pride’, ‘prejudice’ and ‘pragmatism’ are directly related to negative or positive attitudes towards the development of children’s heritage language. The findings indicate that migration trajectories, social values, raciolinguistic policing in schools, and linguistic loyalty have shaped family decisions about what languages to keep and what languages to let go. Our paper responds to the linguistic and demographic changes in British society, and makes an important contribution to our knowledge about multilingual development of children in transnational families. Critically, this study shows that FLPs alone cannot save the minority languages; institutionally sanctioned language practices and ideologies have to make a move from limiting the use of these languages in educational contexts to legitimising them as what they are: linguistic resources and languages of pride.

Growth language mindsets (i.e., beliefs that language ability can be improved) are found to sustain learners' motivation and resilience in challenging situations. Considering that migrants who are speakers of languages other than the dominant ones often face challenging daily communications, the authors examined important but understudied questions of 'how' and 'when' growth language mindsets predict migrants' language experiences, including language anxiety, language use, and perceived English proficiency. In 3 studies, the authors surveyed 2,163 foreign-born university students in Canada who indicated English as their second language. It was found that growth language mindsets positively predicted self-assessed English proficiency, even 4 months after the initial assessment of mindsets. Answering 'how,' the authors found that migrants with stronger growth mindsets were less anxious, were more likely to use English, and reported higher proficiency, even after accounting for baseline proficiency. Concerning 'when,' they found that mindsets have significant and moderate association with language use, anxiety, and perceived proficiency for only more recently arrived students (who lived in the receiving country for less than 7 years). Although newly arrived migrants are more anxious about using English and less likely to use English, they are resilient when they envision growth in their new language. Growth mindsets may help English as a second language (ESL) students thrive in intercultural communication and succeed in language development. (Verlag, adapt.).

This article extends the work of culturally sustaining pedagogy by moving towards the conceptualization of linguistic and cultural collaboration (LCC) in classrooms through reconciliation of majoritarian and minoritized language users. Whereas attention in mainstream educational research has been given to students’ cultures, this article underscores that explicit attention to diverse languages and language varieties is essential to reconfiguration of power relations in schools and reconciliation among culturally and linguistically minoritized and dominant groups. Drawing on scholarship regarding plurilingual and multilingual practice, the authors conceptualize LCC as both a process and a product that expands all students’ critical multilingual language awareness. They draw on an ongoing research-practice partnership (RPP) with a U.S. school district experiencing growing cultural and linguistic diversity. The article focuses on a single school to illustrate how LCC has been taken up as a whole-school approach to leveraging students’and families’cultural and linguistic resources as vital to learning and living together in a multicultural and multilingual world. After outlining development of the RPP following a social design–based methodology, the authors discuss how in practice reconciliation is forged as teachers, students, and their families engage in collaborative multilingual bookmaking. They focus on three aspects of reconciliation (collaboration, restoration, living together) that support students in becoming more language-aware and in moving towards multilingual activism.

In the context of globalization, the landscape of language in Korea has changed dramatically in the last three decades because of the influx of marriage migrants and foreign workers. The growing number of immigrant and international marriages has led to the emergence of new linguistic minorities in Korea who have multicultural and multilingual backgrounds, and they challenge Korea’s long-lasting tradition of linguistic homogeneity and purity. Language related education for this newly emerging group of language minority students, whose number has increased dramatically since the late-1990s, has become a salient issue. This paper critically analyzes the current education policies and programs designed for the newly emerging group of language minority students, and examines the prospects for sustainable development of these students in Korea. In particular, it focuses on the underlying ideology of linguistic nationalism and assimilationist integration regime embedded in various education policy initiatives and reforms, which require language minority students to forgo their multilingual background and forcibly embrace linguistic homogeneity. The paper elaborates on alternative educational programs that could enable language minority students to achieve sustainable development and progress.

English as a second language (ESL) is meant to provide a meaningful education for students learning English (ELLs); however, its effects remain largely unexplored. Using longitudinal, nationally representative data from the Educational Longitudinal Study, the authors estimate the effects of ESL placement on language minority (LM) adolescents' college preparation and academic achievement. Findings indicate that LM students who most closely fit the EL profile (recent immigrant, relatively low English proficiency) experience positive math outcomes and null effects in other academic areas; however, LM students who fit this profile less well experience negative effects. Results suggest that although ESL placement may benefit students most in need and for a limited time after arrival, considerable caution is advised in students ' placement and retention in ESL.

The study of second language acquisition (SLA) has seen important developments in the last decades, including far‐reaching reflection processes that question its scope, method, and aims. One of the most influential articles was published by Firth and Wagner (1997) who highlighted the role of the social context. The Douglas Fir Group (DFG) article (2016) also highlights the role of the social context and proposes a new transdisciplinary framework for SLA in a multilingual world. In this commentary, we look at some of the ideas discussed in the DFG article as well as in the articles in this Special Issue regarding new perspectives and critical questions in SLA. Our ideas are obviously shaped by our own social context, which is European, and our type of multilingualism, which involves not only English but also minority languages.

The promotion of Putonghua , as a national language policy in China, has been implemented by drawing on both historical and modern practices. How to preserve the cultural essence of ethnic minority languages alongside strategies to promote Putonghua is worthy of attention. Based on a multilayered framework approach encompassing macro, meso, and micro levels, this study investigated the current status and protection measures of the Mongolian languages in Qian Gorlos Mongolian Autonomous County (Qianguo County), Northeast China. Multiple data were collected by means of policy documents, linguistic landscaping, and semi-structured interviews with community members. Findings reveal positive collaborations among government, schools, families, and local residents for language preservation, with family language planning playing a crucial role at the meso level. Notably, differences in linguistic landscape standardization exist between autonomous counties and provincial-level autonomous regions. Future research should adopt multilayered frameworks to comprehensively investigate minority language use and preservation across regions.

The effectiveness of bilingual programs for promoting academic achievement of language minority children in the United States has been examined in six meta-analyses. The present meta-analytic study investigates this topic for the first time in the European context. Thorough literature searches uncovered 101 European studies, with only 7 meeting the inclusion criteria. Two studies were excluded from further analyses. Results from the random-effects model of the five remaining studies indicate a small positive effect (g = 0.23; 95% confidence interval [0.10, 0.36]) for bilingual over submersion programs on reading of language minority children. Thus, this meta-analysis supports bilingual education—that is, including the home language of language minority children—in school instruction. However, the generalizability of the results is limited by the small number of studies on this topic. More published studies on bilingual education in Europe are needed as well as closer attention to the size of the effects.

A significant amount of recent scientific literature emphasizes the importance of mother tongue education, as minority languages continue to be underrepresented in formal schooling. While some progress has been made in integrating these languages into curricula, the situation varies widely across different regions. Ideally, populations would achieve proficiency in multiple languages, yet in practice, this phenomenon is relatively rare. This article examines the status of minority language education across five regions of the post-USSR. The analysis is conducted according to specific principles, with attention to demographic patterns, economic conditions, legislative frameworks, national and regional educational policy documents, and the types and outcomes of programs involving minority languages. Methodologically, the study employs a comparative qualitative approach, combining document analysis, secondary data review, and the synthesis of existing case studies. By applying these methods, the research seeks to identify correlations between the presence of minority languages in the public sphere and their incorporation into educational programs. Findings indicate that active use of minority languages in everyday life and public domains provides the strongest motivation for sustained investment in education. At the same time, the introduction of modern educational technologies offers promising opportunities to achieve more positive results in the future.

This book explores individual language policy among bilingual youth who belong to different ethnic minority groups in Vietnam, through vivid stories detailing their life with multiple languages. It examines the youth's daily language behaviours through the unique theoretical lens of individual language policy, and the ways in which this policy interacts with and is influenced by language policies at macro, meso and micro level. It contributes to research on language and identity, and language policy in non-Anglophone societies and will appeal to a broad international readership, including researchers in sociolinguistics, teachers working with ethnic minority students and policymakers concerned with minority language maintenance around the world.