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"Motor performance"
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Beyond the target area: an integrative view of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation in patients and athletes
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique used to modulate neural tissue. Neuromodulation apparently improves cognitive functions in several neurologic diseases treatment and sports performance. In this study, we present a comprehensive, integrative review of tDCS for motor rehabilitation and motor learning in healthy individuals, athletes and multiple neurologic and neuropsychiatric conditions. We also report on neuromodulation mechanisms, main applications, current knowledge including areas such as language, embodied cognition, functional and social aspects, and future directions. We present the use and perspectives of new developments in tDCS technology, namely high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) which promises to overcome one of the main tDCS limitation (i.e., low focality) and its application for neurological disease, pain relief, and motor learning/rehabilitation. Finally, we provided information regarding the Transcutaneous Spinal Direct Current Stimulation (tsDCS) in clinical applications, Cerebellar tDCS (ctDCS) and its influence on motor learning, and TMS combined with electroencephalography (EEG) as a tool to evaluate tDCS effects on brain function.
Journal Article
An investigation of the effectiveness of neurofeedback training on motor performance in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
•A meta-analysis of neurofeedback training (NFT) in healthy adults showed an overall positive effect on motor performance.•The positive effect was found with publication biases and substantial heterogeneity.•Effects of NFT on motor performance were associated with the dose of intervention.•Future NFT studies should increase both sample size and sample variability.
Neurofeedback training (NFT) refers to a training where the participants voluntarily aim to manipulate their own brain activity using the sensory feedback abstracted from their brain activity. NFT has attracted attention in the field of motor learning due to its potential as an alternative or additional training method for general physical training. In this study, a systematic review of NFT studies for motor performance improvements in healthy adults and a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of NFT were conducted. A computerized search was performed using the databases Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, JDreamIII, and Ichushi-Web to identify relevant studies published between January 1st, 1990, and August 3rd, 2021. Thirty-three studies were identified for the qualitative synthesis and 16 randomized controlled trials (374 subjects) for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis, including all trials found in the search, revealed significant effects of NFT for motor performance improvement examined at the timing after the last NFT session (standardized mean difference = 0.85, 95% CI [0.18–1.51]), but with the existence of publication biases and substantial heterogeneity among the trials. Subsequent meta-regression analysis demonstrated the dose-response gradient between NFTs and motor performance improvements; more than 125 min of cumulative training time may benefit for the subsequent motor performance. For each motor performance measure (e.g., speed, accuracy, and hand dexterity), the effectiveness of NFT remains inconclusive, mainly due to its small sample sizes. More empirical NFT studies for motor performance improvement may be needed to show beneficial effects on motor performance and to safely incorporate NFT into real-world scenarios.
Journal Article
Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) with the Use of Visual Supports for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Validity and Reliability
The validity and reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) were measured, taking into consideration the preference for visual learning of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The TGMD-3 was administered to 14 children with ASD (4–10 years) and 21 age-matched typically developing children under two conditions: TGMD-3 traditional protocol, and TGMD-3 visual support protocol. Excellent levels of internal consistency, test–retest, interrater and intrarater reliability were achieved for the TGMD-3 visual support protocol. TGMD-3 raw scores of children with ASD were significantly lower than typically developing peers, however, significantly improved using the TGMD-3 visual support protocol. This demonstrates that the TGMD-3 visual support protocol is a valid and reliable assessment of gross motor performance for children with ASD.
Journal Article
The Effectiveness of Sensory-Motor Integration Exercises on Social Skills and Motor Performance in Children with Autism
Purpose
The current study aims to investigate the effectiveness of sensory-motor integration exercises on social skills and motor performance in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Methods
This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all children with ASD aged 9–11 years old in Babolsar city in 2022, among whom 30 were selected through convenient sampling from the transplant center of Babolsar, and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. Then, the experimental group received the treatment program in 12 sessions. The data collection instrument included Gresham and Elliott’s social skills questionnaire (Gresham FM, Elliott SN (1993) Social skills intervention guide: systematic approaches to social skills training. Spec Serv Sch 8(1):137–158) and Ulrich’s motor performance test (Ulrich B, Ulrich D (1985) The role of balancing ability in performance of fundamental motor skills in 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. Motor Dev: Curr Select Res 1:87–97). Data analysis was conducted using covariance analysis in SPSS21.
Results
The multivariate covariance analysis test showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the variable of social skills and motor performance, respectively (
P
< 0.001).
Conclusion
According to the research findings, it can be concluded that sensory-motor integration exercises can be used as an appropriate intervention in promoting and improving social skills and motor performance of children with autism spectrum. Results of this study can be helpful for therapists and educators who deal with autistic children.
Journal Article
Dual task performance in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Background Daily activities require the simultaneous execution of cognitive and motor tasks. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with functional impairments that may compromise dual‐task performance, leading to increased dual‐task interference. Objective To compare dual‐task performance and dual‐task interference between individuals with T2DM and healthy control subjects. Methods This study followed the reporting recommendations of the PRISMA statement. The literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, WoS, LILACS, and PEDro databases. We included studies involving individuals diagnosed with T2DM aged over 18 years, assessed using any dual‐task evaluation protocol and compared to healthy control subjects. Methodological quality was independently assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist and meta‐analyses were performed using JAMOVI software. Results Of the 1,864 articles initially identified, 6 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 468 participants. Individuals with T2DM exhibited poorer motor performance during dual‐task evaluations, including reduced gait speed (SMD = −0.74 [95%CI: −1.22 to −0.27], P = 0.002) and longer stride times (SMD = 0.34 [95%CI: 0.03 to 0.65], P = 0.039). Additionally, they demonstrated greater dual‐task interference in both motor (SMD = −0.67 [95%CI: −1.16 to −0.19], P = 0.006) and cognitive tasks (SMD = −0.33 [95%CI: −0.66 to −0.03], P = 0.033) compared to healthy control subjects. Conclusion Individuals with T2DM exhibit poorer dual‐task performance and greater dual‐task interference. These findings highlight the importance of including DT assessments in the clinical evaluation of individuals with T2DM. However, due to the limited number of studies, further research is warranted.
Journal Article