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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show how archival expertise and diplomatic analysis can enrich the documentary corpuses analyzed by artificial intelligence tools. Here, the demonstration is based on a freely accessible material: the data from the great national debate launched in early 2019 by the French President Macron in response to the large-scale social movement known as the “yellow vests”. Design/methodology/approach Step 1 consisted of understanding the methods and conclusions of the providers responsible for processing the data of the great debate (1.5 million contributors). Step 2 was to analyze the formal elements of a random set of online contributions. Then, to compare the results. Findings This research shows that the processing of the data is based almost exclusively on texts, to the detriment of data on the source, date and arrangement of contributions, which could nevertheless be exploited as metadata. Research limitations/implications The mass of data and the lack of online accessibility of part of the corpus did not make it possible to complete the experiment. Practical implications This research lays the foundation for other projects for collaboration between archival science and artificial intelligence tools. Social implications There is a social challenge involving researchers in information sciences in public debate and governmental consultations. There is also an issue for a records manager to become more involved in the production of public records by promoting their specific skills in information management. Originality/value The originality of this paper is to show how archival science can help to improve the quality of the documentary corpuses used by artificial intelligence tools, and therefore, to improve the performance of these tools.

American liberalism today is in a state of confusion and disarray, with the \"L word\" widely considered a term of derision. By examining both the historical past and the fractious present, Liberalism for a New Century restores a proud political tradition and carves out a formidable defense of its philosophical tenets. This manifesto for a New Liberalism issues an urgent and cogent call for the most important rethinking of its values since the late 1960s, when conservatives reenergized themselves after Barry Goldwater’s infamous loss. The essays in this volume, most of them never before published, are written by a leading group of historians, journalists, and public intellectuals. Some of the nation’s most highly respected liberal minds explore such topics as the classical liberal tradition, postmodernism’s challenge to the American \"Enlightenment,\" the civil rights era, the influence of twentieth-century radicals on American liberalism, the 1950s, tolerance, the cold war, and whether liberalism should have a large and aggressive vision. One essay considers liberalism in Iran and what American liberals might learn from this movement. Fast-paced and encompassing such hot-button issues as the family and religion, here are ringside-seat arguments between people who don’t often get to engage with one another: right-leaning liberals like Peter Berkowitz and John Patrick Diggins, and leftier liberals like Michael Tomasky and Mona Harrington. The result is a lively and stimulating collection that articulates a clear-minded alternative to the conservative ascendancy in American history and offers a timely and essential contribution to the growing national debate.

En matière de « Démocratie participative », l’évènement majeur de l’année écoulée est indubitablement la publication du décret n° 2017-626 du 27 avril 2017. Ce texte fixe les règles d’application de l’ordonnance du 3 août 2016, laquelle a cherché à conforter les procédures destinées à l’information et à la participation du public à l’élaboration des décisions susceptibles d’avoir une incidence sur l’environnement, en particulier, les procédures permettant au public de participer à l’élaboration des projets, plans ou programmes en amont de l’enquête publique. Confrontés à une ordonnance entrant parfois très loin dans le détail, les auteurs du décret ne disposaient que d’une marge de manœuvre réduite que ce soit pour préciser les modalités de dématérialisation de l’enquête publique, ou contribuer à l’allègement de cette procédure. S’agissant du débat public ou de la concertation préalable en matière d’environnement, la situation est quelque peu différente, le décret susvisé ayant permis de préciser le champ d’application ainsi que les modalités d’organisation de ces deux procédures participatives, mais aussi d’expliciter les conditions de mise en œuvre du droit d’initiative citoyenne. Concerning « participatory democracy », a major development of the previous year is the publication of Decree n°2017-626 of 27 April 2017, implementing Ordinance of 3 August 2016. The object of the latter was the promotion of proceedings related to public information and participation to the drafting process of decisions which may have an impact on environment, especially proceedings which give an opportunity to the public to participate to the drafting of projects, plans and programmes prior to public inquiry. As the ordinance was often very detailed, the freedom of the framers of the regulation was limited, either to specify the conditions of digitization of public inquiry, or to reduce the burden of the proceedings. Concerning public debate and prior consultation in environmental matters, the situation is slightly different, since the mentioned above decree not only specifies the scope of application and the forms of those two proceedings but also clarifies the implementation conditions of the right of citizen’s initiative.

This IEG evaluation, requested by the World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors, represents the first independent evaluation of the PSIA experience. The evaluation finds that:. • The PSIA approach has appropriately emphasized the importance of assessing the distributional impact of policy actions, understanding institutional and political constraints to development, and building domestic ownership for reforms. • PSIAs have not always explicitly stated their operational objectives (i.e., informing country policies, informing Bank operations, and/or contributing to country capacity). • PSIAs have had limited ownership by Bank staff and managers and have often not been effectively integrated into country assistance programs. • Quality assurance and Monitoring and Evaluation of the overall effectiveness of PSIAs have been weak. The evaluation recommends that the World Bank:. • Ensure that Bank staff understand what the PSIA approach is and when to use it. • Clarify the operational objectives of each PSIA and tailor the approach and timeline to those objectives. • Improve integration of the PSIA into the Bank’s country assistance program by requiring that all earmarked funding for PSIAs be matched by a substantial contribution from the country unit budgets. • Strengthen PSIA effectiveness through enhanced quality assurance.

La création par la loi Barnier en 1995 de la Commission nationale du débat public a introduit le débat public comme nouvelle forme de concrétisation du principe de participation en droit de l’environnement. Se présentant comme l’un des visages originaux de la démocratie environnementale, le débat public s’est singularisé par ses spécificités procédurales et institutionnelles. La dernière réforme en date, opérée par l’ordonnance 2016-2010 du 3 août 2016, a de nouveau élargi l’accessibilité au débat, de sorte que ce dernier tend à se médiatiser comme un modèle promotionnel de démocratie participative en progression constante, et s’étendre à des matières extra-environnementales. Instrument de légitimité politique, permettant à la fois de démocratiser la décision administrative au service du public et d’aider le décideur public, la notion de participation souffre d’interprétations parfois malmenées. Le débat public s’avère être alors un outil opportun d’analyse de la participation afin d’en préciser les contours. Concrètement procédurale et dialogique, la participation permet d’ouvrir de manière continue au public le processus décisionnel public, montrant pour autant que la participation n’est pas la décision. The « Commission nationale du débat public » created by the « loi Barnier » in 1995 introduced the public debate as a new form of concretization of the principle of participation in environmental law. Presented as one of the original countenance of environmental democracy, the public debate has been characterized by its procedural and institutional specificities. The latest reform permitted by the order 2016-2010 3th August 2016 has extended the access to debate so that this latter tends to mediatize a promotional model of a constantly participative democracy spreading through extra-environmental materials. As an instrument of political legitimacy allowing both to democratize the administrative decision serving the public and to help the public decision-maker, the notion of participation suffers from interpretations sometimes misunderstood. The discussion then becomes a timely tool for analyzing participation in order to define its contours. Concretely procedural and dialogical, participation enables the public decision-making process to be opened up to the public on a continuous basis showing that participation is not the decision.

American liberalism today is in a state of confusion and disarray, with the “L word” widely considered a term of derision. By examining both the historical past and the fractious present, Liberalism for a New Century restores a proud political tradition and carves out a formidable defense of its philosophical tenets. This manifesto for a New Liberalism issues an urgent and cogent call for the most important rethinking of its values since the late 1960s, when conservatives reenergized themselves after Barry Goldwater’s infamous loss.

Three billion people will be added to the world's population over the next 50 years and 2.8 billion people today already live on less than $2 a day-almost all in developing countries. Ensuring these people have access to productive work and a better quality of life is the core development challenge of the first half of this century. Growth could itself be jeopardized over the longer term, unless a transformation of society and the management of the environment are addressed integrally with economic growth. Now in its 25th edition, this year's World Development Report examines, over a 50 year period, the relationship between competing policy objectives of reducing poverty, maintaining growth, improving social cohesion, and protecting the environment. The World Development Report 2003 emphasizes that many good policies have been identified but not implemented due to distributional issues and barriers to developing better institutions. The Report reviews institutional innovations that might help overcome these barriers and stresses that ensuring economic growth and improved management of the planet's ecosystem requires a reduction in poverty and inequality at all levels: local, national, and international. As in previous years, the report contains an appendix of selected indicators from the World Development Indicators.

En matière de « Démocratie participative », ce qui caractérise l’année écoulée, c’est avant toute chose la publication de l’ordonnance n˚ 2016-1060 du 3 août 2016, laquelle est entrée en application au 1 er janvier 2017. Après avoir défini les finalités de la participation du public et précisé les droits que la participation confère au public, ce texte a conforté la procédure du débat public, réformé la procédure de concertation préalable en matière d’environnement et apporté quelques modifications au droit des enquêtes publiques. L’ordonnance a essentiellement pour objet – même si elle ne se limite pas à cela – de développer la participation du public en amont du processus décisionnel plutôt qu’à un stade très avancé du projet, plan ou programme.Quant à l’ordonnance n˚ 2016-488 du 21 avril 2016, elle instaure une nouvelle procédure de consultation qui autorise l’État à recueillir l’avis des électeurs « sur un projet d’infrastructure ou d’équipement susceptible d’avoir une incidence sur l’environnement ». Environmental democracy chronicleWhat characterizes the participative democracy in 2016 is first of all the publication of the ordinance n˚ 2016-1060 of August 3rd, applicable since January 1st of 2017. This text defines the purposes of public participation and specifies citizen’s rights. It has enhanced the procedure of the public debate, reformed the procedure of environmental concertation and has slightly modified public enquiries framework. The ordinance essentially aims at strengthening public participation early on in the decision-making process of a project or a plan or program.Secondly, the ordinance n˚ 2016-488 of April 21st of 2016 has created a new consultation procedure on infrastructure or equipment projects likely to have an impact on the environment.

Notes that for two decades issues related to the National Debate Tournament (NDT) consumed major portions of the American Forensic Association's (AFA) annual business meetings. Reviews the circumstances leading to the AFA's vote to sponsor the NDT; examines the association's role in overseeing the NDT; and judges the significance of the relationship between the AFA and the NDT. (NH)

Narrates how the American Forensic Association (AFA) evolved in ways that involved both adaptation and consistency. Describes issues that have driven the AFA's agenda in the first 50 years. Considers the style through which the organization's members have addressed these issues. Notes that the growth of forensics was not isolated from the growth of the academy and the speech discipline. (NH)