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"Nuclear reactor"
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A new approach to the nuclear fuel cycle : best practices for security, nonproliferation, and sustainable nuclear energy
\"In the past decade, a resurgence of enthusiasm for nuclear power has rekindled interest in efforts to manage the fuel cycle. The 2011 accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants in Japan and current proliferation crises in North Korea and Iran raise this question: Is the current approach on the fuel cycle -- leaving uranium enrichment and spent fuel reprocessing capabilities in the hands of national governments -- too risky on proliferation grounds? In early 2011, the Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Center for Strategic and International Studies launched the New Approaches to the Fuel Cycle (NAFC) project. This project, led by Corey Hinderstein and Sharon Squassoni, sought to build consensus on common goals,address practical challenges, and engage a spectrum of actors who influence nuclear energy policymaking. Drawing from industry, government, and NGO community expertise in the United States and abroad, the NAFC project worked to outline a vision for an integrated approach to nuclear supply and demand. The result, presented in this report, is the first comprehensive approach that contains guidelines for shaping a sustainable nuclear supply system and leverages existing trends in nuclear industry, with 'best practices' to help implement that sustainable system\"--Publisher's web site.
Book
Physics-Informed Neural Network Solution of Point Kinetics Equations for a Nuclear Reactor Digital Twin
A digital twin (DT) for nuclear reactor monitoring can be implemented using either a differential equations-based physics model or a data-driven machine learning model. The challenge of a physics-model-based DT consists of achieving sufficient model fidelity to represent a complex experimental system, whereas the challenge of a data-driven DT consists of extensive training requirements and a potential lack of predictive ability. We investigate the performance of a hybrid approach, which is based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) that encode fundamental physical laws into the loss function of the neural network. We develop a PINN model to solve the point kinetic equations (PKEs), which are time-dependent, stiff, nonlinear, ordinary differential equations that constitute a nuclear reactor reduced-order model under the approximation of ignoring spatial dependence of the neutron flux. The PINN model solution of PKEs is developed to monitor the start-up transient of Purdue University Reactor Number One (PUR-1) using experimental parameters for the reactivity feedback schedule and the neutron source. The results demonstrate strong agreement between the PINN solution and finite difference numerical solution of PKEs. We investigate PINNs performance in both data interpolation and extrapolation. For the test cases considered, the extrapolation errors are comparable to those of interpolation predictions. Extrapolation accuracy decreases with increasing time interval.
Journal Article
Boosting uranium extraction from Seawater by micro-redox reactors anchored in a seaweed-like adsorbent
Efficient extraction of uranium from seawater is expected to provide virtually infinite fuel sources to power nuclear reactors and thus enable sustainable development of nuclear energy. The extraction efficiency for uranium greatly depends on the availability of active adsorption sites on the adsorbents. Maximization of the utilization rate of the binding sites in the adsorbent is vital for improving adsorption capacity. Herein, micro-redox reactors functioned by Cu(I)/Cu(II) conversion are constructed internally in an adsorbent bearing both amidoxime and carboxyl groups to induce active regeneration of the inactivated binding sites to enhance uranium capture. This adsorbent has high adsorption capacity (962.40 mg-U/g-Ads), superior anti-fouling ability as well as excellent uranium uptake (14.62 mg-U/g-Ads) in natural seawater after 56 days, placing it at the top of high-performance sorbent materials for uranium harvest from seawater.
Extraction of uranium from seawater could help with sustainable development of nuclear energy. Here the authors incorporated Cu(I)/Cu(II) microredox reactors in a seaweed-like adsorbent to enhance uranium capture by taking advantage of its adsorption and reduction effects.
Journal Article
Implementation of radioactivity in primary school physics lessons
This paper presents the results of the study on the knowledge of radioactivity among primary school students. For the purpose of the study, a teaching unit on radioactivity was designed. Data were collected using online instruments: knowledge test and questionnaire. 70 primary school students were included in the study and the pre-post design was used. The results show an improvement in knowledge about radioactivity after a teaching unit on radioactivity and no change in views about the use of nuclear energy.
Journal Article
Expert assessments of the cost of light water small modular reactors
Analysts and decision makers frequently want estimates of the cost of technologies that have yet to be developed or deployed. Small modular reactors (SMRs), which could become part of a portfolio of carbon-free energy sources, are one such technology. Existing estimates of likely SMR costs rely on problematic top-down approaches or bottom-up assessments that are proprietary. When done properly, expert elicitations can complement these approaches. We developed detailed technical descriptions of two SMR designs and then conduced elicitation interviews in which we obtained probabilistic judgments from 16 experts who are involved in, or have access to, engineering-economic assessments of SMR projects. Here, we report estimates of the overnight cost and construction duration for five reactor-deployment scenarios that involve a large reactor and two light water SMRs. Consistent with the uncertainty introduced by past cost overruns and construction delays, median estimates of the cost of new large plants vary by more than a factor of 2.5. Expert judgments about likely SMR costs display an even wider range. Median estimates for a 45 megawatts-electric (MW ₑ) SMR range from $4,000 to $16,300/kW ₑ and from $3,200 to $7,100/kW ₑ for a 225-MW ₑ SMR. Sources of disagreement are highlighted, exposing the thought processes of experts involved with SMR design. There was consensus that SMRs could be built and brought online about 2 y faster than large reactors. Experts identify more affordable unit cost, factory fabrication, and shorter construction schedules as factors that may make light water SMRs economically viable.
Journal Article
Applications of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles — a Review
Green nanotechnology is an emerging field of science that focuses on the production of nanoparticles by living cells through biological pathways. This topic plays an extremely imperative responsibility in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, nuclear energy, fuel and energy, electronics, and bioengineering. Biological processes by green synthesis tools are more suitable to develop nanoparticles ranging from 1 to 100 nm compared to other related methods, owing to their safety, eco-friendliness, non-toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, the metal nanoparticles are synthesized by top-down and bottom-up approaches through various techniques like physical, chemical, and biological methods. Their characterization is very vital and the confirmation of nanoparticle traits is done by various instrumentation analyses such as UV–Vis spectrophotometry (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), annular dark-field imaging (HAADF), and intracranial pressure (ICP). In this review, we provide especially information on green synthesized metal nanoparticles, which are helpful to improve biomedical and environmental applications. In particular, the methods and conditions of plant-based synthesis, characterization techniques, and applications of green silver, gold, iron, selenium, and copper nanoparticles are overviewed.
Journal Article
Ultra-highly efficient enrichment of uranium from seawater via studtite nanodots growth-elution cycle
Consecutive uranium extraction from seawater is a promising approach to secure the long-term supply of uranium and the sustainability of nuclear energy. Here, we report an ultra-highly efficient strategy via studtite nanodots growth with impressive uranyl uptake capacity of ~ 154.50 mg/g from natural seawater in 12 consecutive days (i.e., average for ~ 12.875 mg/g/day). Uranyl can be extracted as studtite under visible light via the reaction between the adsorbed uranyl and the photogenerated H
2
O
2
with imine-based Covalent-Organic Framework photocatalysts. In detail, over Tp-Bpy, Tp-Bpy-2 and Tp-Py with multiple uranyl chelating sites, uranyl is found extracted as studtite nanodots which can be eluted readily, while over Tp-Bd and Tb-Bpy, uranyl is transformed into studtite nanorods that is more inert for elution. Abundant chelating sites of uranyl via structural regulation of COF photocatalysts are proved to facilitate the formation and efficient elution of studtite nanodots.
The continuous extraction of uranium from seawater is desired to sustain nuclear power technology and the development of uranyl up-recycle approaches remain a challenge. Here the authors report the uranyl consecutive extraction as studtite nanodots under visible light employing covalent-organic frameworks as photocatalysts.
Journal Article
Capture of organic iodides from nuclear waste by metal-organic framework-based molecular traps
Effective capture of radioactive organic iodides from nuclear waste remains a significant challenge due to the drawbacks of current adsorbents such as low uptake capacity, high cost, and non-recyclability. We report here a general approach to overcome this challenge by creating radioactive organic iodide molecular traps through functionalization of metal-organic framework materials with tertiary amine-binding sites. The molecular trap exhibits a high CH
3
I saturation uptake capacity of 71 wt% at 150 °C, which is more than 340% higher than the industrial adsorbent Ag
0
@MOR under identical conditions. These functionalized metal-organic frameworks also serve as good adsorbents at low temperatures. Furthermore, the resulting adsorbent can be recycled multiple times without loss of capacity, making recyclability a reality. In combination with its chemical and thermal stability, high capture efficiency and low cost, the adsorbent demonstrates promise for industrial radioactive organic iodides capture from nuclear waste. The capture mechanism was investigated by experimental and theoretical methods.
Capturing radioactive organic iodides from nuclear waste is important for safe nuclear energy usage, but remains a significant challenge. Here, Li and co-workers fabricate a stable metal–organic framework functionalized with tertiary amine groups that exhibits high capacities for radioactive organic iodides uptake.
Journal Article