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Cleft grafting methods were applied in order to evaluate the effect of grafting on tomato fruit yield and quality. The tomato cultivars used as scions were Yeni Talya, Swanson and Beri. The cultivars Beaufort and Arnold were used as rootstocks. The following characteristics of grafted and nongrafted plants were recorded: fruit index, number of fruits/truss, fruit weight, fruit yield, dry matter, pH, concentration of soluble solids, titratable acidity, concentrations of total sugar, lycopene and vitamin C. The results showed that fruit yield and fruit index, number of fruits/truss and fruit weights were improved by grafting. Fruit quality, measured in terms of concentrations of dry matter, soluble solids, total sugar, and vitamin C, was lower in grafted plants than in nongrafted ones. No significant difference in lycopene level and pH was found. Titratable acidity was improved by grafting. A positive effect of grafting was recorded when Beaufort was used as rootstock. These results showed that grafting could be an advantageous alternative in tomato production.

Trials were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in order to evaluate the influence of various rootstocks on the yield and grape composition of Sauvignon Blanc. The yield on rootstock 41B/72 was higher by 1 kg/vine or more than the yield on rootstocks SO4 cl. 31, Riparia cl. 1 and Kober 5BB. The vines grafted on the Boerner rootstock gave the highest weight of 100 berries (241 g). The highest seed weight of 100 berries (6.9 g) was found on rootstock 196/17 Cl, while the lowest one was on the Riparia cl. 1 (5.6 g). There was a strong, positive correlation (r = 0.91) between the berry and seed weights of vines on rootstock 41B/72 (2003). The total acidity content and the relationship between tartaric and malic acids were affected more by weather conditions than by the rootstock. Relatively strong correlations between the grape yield and total soluble solids (r = -0.89), and between grape yield and total acidity (r = 0.76) were found in the grape juice on rootstock 41B/72 (in 2002).

Introduction. Bacterial canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, is a damaging disease of stone fruit worldwide. The effects of rootstock, temperature and incubation duration on bacterial canker in peach were assessed using both field and laboratory inoculation assays. Materials and methods. Both field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effects of rootstock, temperature and incubation duration on disease severity in peach. All inoculations were achieved with P. syringae pv. syringae strain B3A. Bacterial inoculations were applied to 1-year-old shoots of peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. After inoculation, the inoculated shoots were allowed to incubate either under field conditions or in a cold room at different temperatures [constantly at 0 °C, constantly at 14.4 °C, and in a fluctuating temperature regime of 12 h at 0 °C (night) and 12 h at 14.4 °C (day)] for excised shoots. The lesions were determined 1 to 6 weeks after inoculation to determine the effect of incubation duration. Results and discussion. The field experiment using peach grafted on three rootstocks (Nemaguard, K119-50 and P30-135) showed that shoots on Nemaguard developed the longest lesions and shoots on K119-50 the shortest among all three rootstocks. Shoots on Nemaguard had significantly lower bark calcium and higher nitrogen concentrations than those on K119-50 and P30-135. A negative correlation was found between lesion length and bark calcium concentration and the [calcium / nitrogen] ratio. Laboratory experiments with excised shoots on Nemaguard, K119-50, P30-135, Lovell and Guardian rootstocks growing in a second orchard showed inconsistent results. Shoots from Nemaguard developed significantly smaller lesions than those on K119-50 and P30-135. Shoots on Guardian and Lovell also developed significantly smaller lesions than those of shoots on K119-50 and P30-135. Temperature fluctuation during incubation (0 °C to 14.4 °C) had no effect on shoot lesion length compared with those incubated constantly at 14.4 °C, but produced significantly longer lesions than shoots incubated constantly at 0 °C. These inconsistent results suggest that, in the absence of major predisposing factors (i.e., ring nematodes or low soil pH), rootstocks may play a minor role in peach susceptibility to bacterial canker even under favorable disease development conditions. Introduction. Le chancre bactérien, causé par Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, est une maladie qui provoque des dommages aux fruits à noyau dans le monde entier. L’effet des porte-greffes, de la température et de la durée d’incubation sur le chancre bactérien ont été évalués chez le pêcher en utilisant à la fois des essais d’inoculation sur le terrain et en laboratoire. Matériel et méthodes. Des expériences en verger et en laboratoire ont été réalisées afin d’étudier les effets du porte-greffe, de la température et de la durée d’incubation sur la gravité de la maladie chez le pêcher. Toutes les inoculations ont été effectuées avec la souche B3A de P. syringae pv. syringae. Les inoculations bactériennes ont été appliquées sur des tiges de pêchers [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] de 1 an. Après inoculation, les plantules inoculées ont été laissées en incubation soit en verger soit en chambre froide à différentes températures [constamment à 0 °C, constamment à 14,4 °C, ou avec une alternance de température de 0 °C pendant 12 h (nuit) et 14,4 °C pendant 12 h (jour)] pour des tiges excisées. Les lésions ont été déterminées 1 à 6 semaines après l’inoculation pour déterminer l’effet de la durée d’incubation. Résultats et discussion. L’expérience en verger utilisant des pêchers greffés sur trois porte-greffes (Nemaguard, K119-50 et P30-135) a montré que, parmi les trois porte-greffes, les tiges sur Nemaguard développaient les lésions les plus longues et les tiges sur K119-50 développaient les lésions les plus courtes. Les tiges greffées sur Nemaguard ont montré des teneurs en calcium de l’écorce significativement plus faibles et des concentrations en azote significativement supérieures à celles des tiges greffées sur K119-50 et P30-135. Une corrélation négative a été observée entre la longueur de la lésion et la teneur en calcium de l’écorce ainsi qu’entre la longueur de la lésion et le rapport [calcium / azote] de l’écorce. Les expérimentations en laboratoire avec des pousses excisées de plants sur porte-greffes Nemaguard, K119-50, P30-135, Lovell et Gardien issus d’un second verger ont donné des résultats contradictoires. Les tiges sur Nemaguard ont développé des lésions nettement plus petites que celles sur K119-50 et P30-135. Les tiges sur Guardian et Lovell ont également développé des lésions significativement plus petites que les pousses sur K119-50 et P30-135. La fluctuation de la température pendant l’incubation (0 °C à 14,4 °C) n’a eu aucun effet sur la longueur des lésions par rapport à celles continuellement incubées à 14,4 °C, mais elle a entrainé des lésions significativement plus longues que celles des pousses incubées continuellement à 0 °C. Ces résultats contradictoires suggèrent que, en l’absence des principaux facteurs prédisposants (par exemple, des nématodes en anneau ou un faible pH du sol), les porte-greffes peuvent jouer un rôle mineur dans la sensibilité du pêcher au chancre bactérien, même dans des conditions favorables au développement de la maladie. Introducción. El chancro bacteriano, causado por Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae es una enfermedad que provoca daños en los frutos de hueso en el mundo entero. Se evaluó el efecto de los porta injertos, de la temperatura y de la duración de incubación del chancro bacteriano en el melocotonero, empleando a la vez pruebas de inoculación sobre el terreno y en laboratorio. Material y métodos. Se realizaron experimentos en vergel y en laboratorio con el fin de estudiar los efectos del porta injertos, de la temperatura y de la duración de incubación en la gravedad de la enfermedad en el melocotonero. Todas las inoculaciones se llevaron a cabo con la cepa B3A de P. syringae pv. syringae. Las inoculaciones bacterianas se aplicaron en los troncos de los melocotoneros [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] de 1 año. Tras inoculación, las plántulas inoculadas se dejaron en incubación en vergel o en cámara fría bajo diferentes temperaturas [constantemente a 0 °C, constantemente a 14,4 °C, o con una alternancia de temperatura de 0 °C durante 12 h (noche) y 14,4 °C durante 12 h (día)] para los troncos extirpados. Las lesiones se determinaron entre 1 y 6 semanas tras inoculación de modo a precisar el efecto de la duración de incubación. Resultados y discusión. El experimento en vergel mediante el uso de melocotoneros injertados en tres porta injertos (Nemaguard, K119-50 y P30-135) mostró que, entre los tres porta injertos, los troncos en Nemaguard desarrollaban las lesiones más largas y los troncos en K119-50 desarrollaban las lesiones más cortas. Los troncos injertados en Nemaguard mostraron contenidos de calcio en la corteza significativamente más reducidos y las concentraciones de nitrógeno significativamente superiores a las de los troncos injertados en K119-50 y P30-135. Se observó una correlación negativa entre la longitud de la lesión y el contenido de calcio de la corteza, así como entre la longitud de la lesión y la relación [calcio / nitrógeno] de la corteza. Los experimentos en laboratorio con vástagos extirpados de plantones en porta injertos Nemaguard, K119-50, P30-135, Lovell y Gardien, pertenecientes a un segundo vergel, dieron resultados contradictorios. Los troncos en Nemaguard desarrollaron lesiones bastante más pequeñas que las de K119-50 y P30-135. Los troncos en Guardian y Lovell desarrollaron igualmente lesiones bastante más pequeñas que los vástagos en K119-50 et P30-135. La fluctuación de la temperatura durante la incubación (0 °C a 14,4 °C) no tuvo ningún efecto en la longitud de las lesiones, en relación con aquéllas que se incubaban continuamente a 14,4 °C, pero dio lugar a lesiones significativamente más largas que las de los vástagos incubados continuamente a 0 °C. Dichos resultados contradictorios sugieren que, en ausencia de los principales factores predisponentes (por ejemplo, los nematodos redondos o un reducido pH del suelo), los porta injertos pueden desempeñar un pequeño papel en la sensibilidad del melocotonero frente al chancro bacteriano, incluso en condiciones favorables para el desarrollo de la enfermedad.

Rms1 is one of the series of five ramosus loci in pea (Pisum sativum L.) in which recessive mutant alleles confer increased branching at basal and aerial vegetative nodes. Shoots of the nonallelic rms1 and rms2 mutants are phenotypically similar in most respects. However, we found an up to 40-fold difference in root-sap zeatin riboside ([9R]Z) concentration between rms1 and rms2 plants. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, the concentration of [9R]Z in rms1 root sap was very low and the concentration in rms2 root sap was slightly elevated. To our knowledge, the rms1 mutant is therefore the second ramosus mutant (rms4 being the first) to be characterized with low root-sap [9R]Z content. Like rms2, the apical bud and upper nodes of rms1 plants contain elevated indole-3-acetic acid levels compared with WT shoots. Therefore, the rms1 mutant demonstrates that high shoot auxin levels and low root-sap cytokinin levels are not necessarily correlated with increased apical dominance in pea. A grain-transmissible basis of action has been demonstrated for both mutants from reciprocal grains between mutant and WT plants. Branching was also largely inhibited in rms1 shoots when grafted to rms2 rootstocks, but was not inhibited in rms2 shoots grafted to rms1 rootstocks. These grafting results are discussed, along with the conclusion that hormone-like signals other than auxin and cytokinin are also involved

Twelve clonal rootstocks of sweet cherry grafted with the cv. Lapins were tested. Each graft combination included 18 trees divided into six randomized blocks. The trees were spaced at 5 x 3 m and trained as spindles. Tree vigour, yield, fruit size, fruit quality and yield efficiency were evaluated for eleven subsequent years. According to trunk diameter, the most vigorous rootstocks were Gi 497/8, Gi 154/7, Gisela 4 and P-HL-A; 32-41% larger compared with the standard Gisela 5. The highest cumulative yield per tree and yield efficiency were recorded on the rootstocks Gi 154/7 and Gisela 4. The lowest yield was recorded on Damil, Gi 209/1, Gi 195/20, Gi 148/8 and Gisela 5. P-HL-A and Gi 523/02 gave the largest fruit weights, Gi 209/1, Gisela 5 and Gi 195/20 the smallest ones. Moderate tree die-back was recorded on Gi 154/7 and P-HL-A, low tree mortality on Gisela 4 and Damil. All the trees survived on Gi 497/8. Gisela 4 and Gi 154/7 produced some root suckers.

In the frame of 'Baltic fruit rootstock studies' apple rootstocks B.9, B.146, B.396, B.491, P 2, P 22, P 60, M.9, M.26, Jork 9, Bulboga and Pure 1 were tested in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. More vigorous tree growth was recorded following North-South direction being the weakest in Estonia and the strongest in Lithuania. Apple rootstocks can be grouped, according to the induced tree vigour, in the following way: less vigorous than M.9: P 22, the same as M.9: Pure 1, B.396, Jork 9, P 60, B.9 and P 2, between M.9 and M.26: B.491, more vigorous than M.26: Bulboga and B.146. Rootstock effect on cumulative yield and cumulative yield efficiency index was determined by location. The highest productivity, considering cumulative yield and efficiency index, was obtained on M.9 rootstock in Lithuania, on Bulboga, B.146, M.26 and B.491 rootstocks in Estonia and on Pure 1, P 60 and B.9 rootstocks in Latvia. Rootstock effect on fruit weight was not clear and differed among locations. Interactions between rootstock and location indicate at the importance of multi-site rootstock evaluation.

Lifecycle of phytoparasitic nematode takes place in the rhizosphere, therefore their breeding, parasitism and mobility dynamics are inevitably influenced by the soil-root interaction, A study was performed to evaluate the influence of Vitis rootstocks to some plant parasitic nematodes under different soil conditions. Nematode populations were assessed in Vitis vinifera L. var. Chardonnay plants grafted on two rootstocks (K5BB, SO4) and ungrafted 'Chardonnay' as a control in three diferent alluvial soils in the central zone of Chile. Soils were two Inceptisols of the Casablanca Valley (Valparaíso Region), the first one without soil structure and with a densification zone in depth (S1) and the second one with sandy textural class (S3). A third soil was a Mollisol (S2) more structured than the others, situated on a locality of Melipilla (Metropolitan Region). The soils were characterized physically and morphologically and nematode genera were identified and counted using a dissecting microscope. 'Chardonnay' presented the highest population of Meloidogyne spp. on the three soil conditions but only significant in S2 soil. The population of Xiphinema spp. and Mesocriconema xenoplax were not representative enough to relate them with either soil or the different rootstocks. The amount of Meloidogyne spp. was inversely related with the sand content but positively related with the more structured soil. The stepwise regressions resulted useful when relating nematode populations with multiple soil factors. El ciclo de vida de los nematodos fitoparásitos ocurre en la rizósfera, por lo tanto, sus dinámicas de alimentación, parasitismo y movilidad están inevitablemente influenciadas por la interacción suelo-raíz. Se llevó a cabo un estudio para evaluar la respuesta de diferentes portainjertos de Vitis frente a algunas poblaciones de nematodos fitoparásitos en diferentes tipos de suelos. Se determinaron las poblaciones de nematodos fitoparásitos en plantas de Vitis vinifera L. var. Chardonnay sobre dos portainjertos (K5BB, SO4) y 'Chardonnay' sin injertar como testigo, en tres diferentes suelos aluviales de la zona central de Chile. Los suelos fueron dos Inceptisoles del Valle de Casablanca (Región de Valparaíso), uno sin estructura, con una zona de densificación en profundidad (S1), y otro de textura predominante arenosa (S3); un tercer suelo correspondió a un Mollisol mejor estructurado (S2), en la Comuna de Melipilla (Región Metropolitana). Los suelos fueron caracterizados física y morfológicamente y los géneros de nematodos fueron identificados y contabilizados bajo lupa estereoscópica. 'Chardonnay' tuvo las mayores poblaciones de Meloidogyne spp.aunque sólo significativas en el suelo S2. Las poblaciones de Xiphinema spp. y Mesocriconema xenoplax no fueron suficientemente representativas como para asociarlas a diferencias de suelo o uso de portainjerto. Meloidogyne spp. se relacionó inversamente con el contenido de arena, sin embargo, positivamente con la mayor estructuración del suelo. Las regresiones Stepwise fueron útiles al relacionar las poblaciones de nematodos con múltiples factores edáficos.

The experiment was carried out on a fertile alluvial soil at Warsaw-Wilanow, Central Poland, in years 2001-2010. Nineteen very dwarfing and dwarfing rootstocks were tested for vigorous apple cultivar Rubin. Ten-year-old trees were the largest on M 9 EMLA and P 62, smaller on Arm 18, and then on B 491, Unima and B 146. Even smaller were the trees on M 27, P 63 and P 64, and the smallest those on PJ 629. The highest cumulative yield (2002-2010) per tree was on P 66, Arm 18, M 9 EMLA, B 491 and P 16, lower on P 64, P 22, P 59, M 27, PB-4 and J-TE-G, and the lowest on PJ 629. Trees on P 59, PJ 629, PB-4, No. 280, J-TE-G, P 63, P 66, P 22, No. 387 and P 64 showed higher yield efficiency than those on M 9 EMLA or P 62. The mean fruit mass from trees on P 63, M 27, No. 387, Arm 18, P 62, P 64, No. 280, B 491, P 16, Unima and M 9 EMLA was larger than from trees on PJ 629. Trees on P 63, B 491, P 16, P 66, and P 65 produced higher cumulative yield per ha than trees on PB-4, J-TE-G or PJ 629.

Fourteen clonal apple rootstocks (M.9, M.26, M.27, MM.106, J-TE-E, J-TE-F, J--TE-G, J-TE-H, J-OH-A, Jork 9, Pajam 1, Pajam 2, Burgmer M.9-751, and Burgmer M.9-984) were tested in two experimental orchards established in the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology (Holovousy, Czech Republic) using scion cultivars Golden Delicious, Melrose, Jonagold, Rubin, and Florina. The following characteristics were recorded: yield, trunk circumference, suckering. Rootstocks Jork 9, Pajam 1, Pajam 2, M.9-751, and M.9-984 produced better results than the original rootstock M.9. The clone J-TE-E favourably affected fruit-bearing of the Rubin cultivar. The growth vigour of trees grafted on Pajam 2, M.9-751, and M.9-984 was somewhat larger than those on M.9. The rootstock J-TE-H was semi-vigorous and grafted trees had low yield efficiency. The clone Pajam 1 had the similar growth vigour as M.9. Trees on Jork 9 grew significantly weaklier in comparison with M.9. The rootstocks J-OH-A and J-TE-F produced a lot of suckers. The following rootstocks were recommended for growing in commercial plantations: Jork 9, Pajam 1, Pajam 2, M.9-751, and M.9-984.

The lack of suitable plum rootstocks for Baltic conditions has become a problem during recent years due to changing climatic conditions. Rapid temperature fluctuations between freezing and thawing are occurring more frequently. The winter-hardiness of rootstocks is essential for overwintering of trees in such conditions. The content of accumulated reducing sugars is an important physiological factor influencing wintering ability of trees. The dynamics of reducing sugars was investigated during two winter seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012) in one-year-old ‘Kubanskaya Kometa’ (Prunus x rossica Erem.) hybrid plum shoots from two orchards planted in 2001 at Pūre Horticultural Research Centre (Latvia) and Polli Horticultural Research Centre (Estonia). Cultivar ‘Kubanskaya Kometa’ was grafted on eight clonal rootstocks: ‘St. Julien A’, ‘Brompton’ cuttings, ‘Ackermann’, ‘Pixy’, GF8/1, G5/22, GF655/2, ‘Hamyra’ and eight seedling rootstocks: ‘St. Julien INRA 2’, ‘St. Julien d’Orleans’, ‘St. Julien Noir’, ‘Brompton’ seedlings, ‘Wangenheims Zwetsche’, ‘St. Julien Wädenswill’, ‘Myrobаlan’ and Prunus cerasifera var. divaricata. Trees were planted at 5×3 m spacing in four replications per rootstock with three trees per plot. Shoot samples were harvested five times during the winter period. The concentration of reducing sugars (mg g-1 dry weight) was determined with Bertran’s method. Significant differences in concentration of reducing sugar were found between samples coming from different locations and in two seasons. The maximum concentration of reducing sugar was found in December or January depending on growing location and meteorological conditions