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"Part Time Employment"
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Gurus, Hired Guns, and Warm Bodies
Over the last several decades, employers have increasingly replaced permanent employees with temporary workers and independent contractors to cut labor costs and enhance flexibility. Although commentators have focused largely on low-wage temporary work, the use of skilled contractors has also grown exponentially, especially in high-technology areas. Yet almost nothing is known about contracting or about the people who do it. This book seeks to break the silence. Gurus, Hired Guns, and Warm Bodies tells the story of how the market for temporary professionals operates from the perspective of the contractors who do the work, the managers who employ them, the permanent employees who work beside them, and the staffing agencies who broker deals. Based on a year of field work in three staffing agencies, life histories with over seventy contractors and studies of workers in some of America's best known firms, the book dismantles the myths of temporary employment and offers instead a grounded description of how contracting works. Engagingly written, it goes beyond rhetoric to examine why contractors leave permanent employment, why managers hire them, and how staffing agencies operate. Barley and Kunda paint a richly layered portrait of contract professionals. Readers learn how contractors find jobs, how agents negotiate, and what it is like to shoulder the risks of managing one's own \"employability.\" The authors illustrate how the reality of flexibility often differs substantially from its promise. Viewing the knowledge economy in terms of organizations and markets is not enough, Barley and Kunda conclude. Rather, occupational communities and networks of skilled experts are what grease the skids of the high-tech, \"matrix economy\" where firms become way stations in the flow of expertise.
eBook
Female Labor Supply: Why Is the United States Falling Behind?
In 1990, the US had the sixth highest female labor participation rate among 22 OECD countries. By 2010 its rank had fallen to seventeenth. We find that the expansion of “family-friendly” policies, including parental leave and part-time work entitlements in other OECD countries, explains 29 percent of the decrease in US women's labor force participation relative to these other countries. However, these policies also appear to encourage part-time work and employment in lower level positions: US women are more likely than women in other countries to have full time jobs and to work as managers or professionals.
Journal Article
Seven minutes in Candyland
\"Sophomore Kalvin Shmelton has finally perfected his underground candy-selling hustle at school. He keeps his prices reasonable, his inventory fresh, and himself out of the drama. But when a heartbroken Sterling Glistern, Kal's longtime crush, barges into the storage closet where he keeps his candy supply, a new source of income unexpectedly presents itself: relationship therapist. He only meant to help Sterling realize she's dating a jerk, and maybe win her over, but news spreads fast that Kalvin's not just the master of sweets--but hearts, too\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Hanging in, but only just: Part-time employment and in-work poverty throughout the crisis
The crisis has deepened pre-existing concerns regarding low-wage and non-standard employment. Countries where unemployment increased most strongly during the crisis period also saw part-time employment increasing, particularly involuntary part-time work. With involuntary part-time workers, as a particular group of underemployed, facing especially high poverty rates, this was accompanied by an increase, on average, in the poverty risk associated with working part-time. However, this was not reflected in a marked increase in the overall in-work poverty rate because full-time work remains dominant and its poverty risk did not change markedly. The household context is of the essence when considering policy implications.
Journal Article
Is There a Causal Effect of Working Part-Time on Current and Future Wages?
In this paper, I study the causal effects of part-time work on current and future wages. To estimate these effects, I use a random effects model with a wage equation capturing the employment history and a dynamic multinomial probit component for the choice of employment status. Exclusion restrictions from the institutional context are exploited to support identification. The results suggest that working part-time with few hours has a large causal effect on current wages, but more extensive part-time work does not reduce current wages. However, both types of part-time work lead to negative long-term wage effects.
Journal Article
Part-time prospects : an international comparison of part-time work in Europe, North America and the Pacific Rim
The growth in part-time employment has been one of the most striking features in industrialized economies over the past forty years. Part-Time Prospectspresents for the first time a systematically comparative analysis of the common and divergent patterns in the use of part-time work in Europe, America and the Pacific Rim. It brings together sociologists and economists in this wide-ranging and comprehensive survey. It tackles such areas as gender issues, ethnic questions and the differences between certain national economies including low pay, pensions and labour standards.
eBook
OECD Labour Force Statistics 2020
This annual edition of Labour Force Statistics provides detailed statistics on labour force, employment and unemployment, broken down by gender, as well as unemployment duration, employment status, employment by sector of activity and part-time employment. It also contains participation and unemployment rates by gender and detailed age groups as well as comparative tables for the main components of the labour force. Data are available for each OECD member country and for OECD-Total, Euro area and European Union. The time series presented in the publication cover 10 years for most countries. It also provides information on the sources and definitions used by member countries in the compilation of those statistics.
eBook
Importance of work-related factors for post-retirement labour market participation
Today’s pensioners are healthier than ever, and many participate in the labour market after retirement. Some pensioners continue to work for financial reasons, but in most cases the motives for work are other than financial. Many sociodemographic factors are associated with post-retirement employment, but less is known about the role of work-related factors. This study examines the relationship between work-related factors and post-retirement employment among individuals who have recently retired on an old-age pension. The study is based on a Finnish survey conducted in 2022 (response rate 68%), supplemented by register data on 3,196 individuals aged 63 and over who retired from paid employment with an old-age pension between 2019 and 2021. Logistic regression models were used to estimate how work-related factors are associated with post-retirement employment. Information on work-related factors pertains to the last job held before retirement. Higher job demands and lower social support were associated with a lower likelihood of working in retirement. A higher physical workload was associated with a higher likelihood of working in retirement, especially among those working for financial reasons. Shift work, part-time work, and temporary work before retirement were also associated with a higher likelihood of working. Managers and professionals were more likely to work in retirement than lower-grade non-manual workers. The findings of this study highlight the importance of work-related factors in post-retirement employment decisions. Policies aimed at promoting such employment should therefore focus on improving working conditions before retirement. Furthermore, since work-related factors are differently related to financial and non-financial retirement motives, policy frameworks should move beyond one-size-fits-all solutions.
Journal Article