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How social media has become a critical tool for advancing the interests of the Canadian oil industry Petroturfing presents an incisive look into how Canada's pro-oil movement has leveraged social media to rebrand the extractive economy as a positive force. Adapting its title from the concept of astroturfing, which refers to the practice of disguising political and corporate media campaigns as grassroots movements, the book exposes the consequences of this mutually informed relationship between social media and environmental politics. Since the early 2010s, an increasingly influential network of pro-oil groups, organizations, and campaigns has harnessed social media strategies originally developed by independent environmental organizations in order to undermine resistance to the fossil fuel industry. Situating these actions within the broader oil culture wars that have developed as an outgrowth of contemporary right-wing media, Petroturfing details how this coalition of groups is working to reform the public view of oil extraction as something socially, economically, and ecologically beneficial. By uncovering these concerted efforts to influence the \"energy consciousness,\" Jordan B. Kinder reveals the deep divide between Canada's environmentally progressive reputation and the economic interests of its layers of government and private companies operating within its borders. Drawing attention to the structures underlying online political expression, Petroturfing highlights the limitations of social media networks in the work of promoting environmental justice and contributing to a more equitable future.

I modify a cournot oligopoly model to examine the effect of pipeline capacity constraints on regional wholesale gasoline prices. The model includes a discontinuous supply function for a common input (transportation) with a constrained low-cost mode (pipelines) and an unconstrained higher cost mode (rail, truck or barge). The equilibrium outcome demonstrates a piecewise linear relationship between the low-cost capacity constraint and the equilibrium price. The shape of the transportation supply curve is also shown to affect the relationship between firm average marginal costs and the equilibrium price. I also present a test of the model’s implications, demonstrating that it is able to explain a recent pronounced increase in wholesale gasoline prices for cities in British Columbia Canada. While the exercise is motivated by a specific market, the model and its implications apply to a broad set of discussions on inter-regional arbitrage in the context of imperfect competition.

In the summer of 2014, at the height of Saskatchewan's oil boom, geographer Emily Eaton and photographer Valerie Zink travelled to oil towns across the province, from the sea-can motel built from shipping containers on the outskirts of Estevan to seismic testing sites on Thunderchild First Nation's Sundance grounds.

There may also be concerns that aban- doning fossil-fuel resources in Canada could lead to economic collapse. In fact, the oil and gas industry accounts for only 5% of the Canadian economy.6 The latest United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report7 con- cluded that shifting hundreds of billions of dollars into renewable energy from fossil fuels and cutting energy waste would take only 0.06% off of our usual 1.3%-3.0% annual global economic growth.8 It has also been estimated that nonfossil-fuel industries create six to eight times as many jobs per dollar invested as fossil-fuel companies.9 Divestment for physicians is particularly important because we cannot, in good conscience, be strong advocates for addressing climate change while profiting from fossil-fuel companies. Many physi- cians have already made a commitment to divest from other unhealthy industries such as tobacco. Every Canadian physi- cian can start by raising the issue with their investment adviser and encouraging their own university, hospital and medi- cal society to divest from fossil fuels and reinvest in renewable-energy sources.

The US and Canada enjoy one of the largest trading partnerships in the world, with energy serving as a vital component of that relationship. Canada exports 1.96 million barrels of oil per day to the US, according to the energy Information administration. A large portion of Canadian oil coming to the US is extracted from the oil sands in Alberta at high cost to the environment. With climate change becoming a vital global issue, many US leaders have begun to criticize Canada for sanctioning the dirty oil extraction process. In response to criticisms, the Canadian government has attempted to provide solutions. In 2007 Alberta became the first region in North America to pass legislation limiting the greenhouse gas emissions of \"large industrial facilities,\" with the goal of eventually reducing emissions by 12%. The environmental impacts of the oil sands could cause a rift in the US-Canada trading partnership.

Underneath the woods and the muskeg of northern Alberta lie roughly two trillion barrels of oil, fifteen percent of the world's known reserves and six times more than what's left in Saudi Arabia. The oil fields are also the homeland of two small aboriginal communities, Fort Mackay and Fort Chipewyan, which lie along the Athabasca River. The people of these communities are trying to preserve their traditional way of life in the midst of the largest and most destructive oil recovery operation the world has ever know. They are being blocked from hunting and trapping on their traditional lands. Their air and water is being polluted. The fish, berries and wildlife they depend on are being contaminated. They are suffering from some of the highest cancer rates in the world. These are their voices.

International oil companies (IOCs) are preparing for Iraq's second licensing round. Forty two oil companies attended the 25 August road show, in Istanbul, for the 10 contract areas, which include the Majnoon (38bn barrels), West Qurna-2 (31bn barrels), East Baghdad (27bn barrels) and Halfaya (16bn barrels) fields. Contract awards are due by mid-December. Iraqi officials hope the inclusion of these large fields will result in greater interest than in the first bid round, which saw just a single concession agreement signed, with BP and China's CNPC, for the Rumaila field.

The petroleum industry, itself, must take charge and mount a vast, long-duration dissemination of \"correct\" information about upstream activity. Nothing short will do. If the industry hopes to safeguard a wide arena of opportunities and prosperity for the next 50 years, particularly in the U.S., it had better begin fighting the battle now.