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In the US, over 400 state and local incentives have been issued to increase the adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) since 2008. This article quantifies the influence of key incentives and enabling factors like charging infrastructure and receptive demographics on PEV adoption. The study focuses on three central questions. First, do consumers respond to certain types of state level vehicle purchase incentives? Second, does the density of public charging infrastructure increase PEV purchases? Finally, does the impact of various factors differ for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), battery electric vehicles (BEV) and vehicle attributes within each category? Based on a regression of vehicle purchase data from 2008-2016, we found that tax incentives and charging infrastructure significantly influence per capita PEV purchases. Within tax incentives, rebates are generally more effective than tax credits. BEV purchases are more affected by tax incentives than PHEVs. The correlation of public charging and vehicle purchases increases with the battery-only driving range of a PHEV, while decreasing with increasing driving range of BEVs. Results indicate that early investments in charging infrastructure, particularly along highways; tax incentives targeting affordable BEVs and PHEVs with higher battery only range, and better reflection of the environmental cost of owning gasoline vehicles are likely to increase PEV adoption in the US.

From the point of view of primary diagram, secondary equipment and Model Association of distribution network, this paper studies Plug and Play technology of distribution network equipment from access to application, describes the advantages and disadvantages of different technologies, and provides development ideas for future construction of distribution automation.

Occupancy monitoring techniques raise questions regarding trade-offs between anonymity and accuracy. Building on a rich multi-dimensional dataset, this study explores the correlations between occupancy and energy consumption at different levels, from whole rooms to individual plugs. Data aggregation of individual plugs in zones, either according to their location or their specific functional use, has been evaluated. Confirming previous studies, room level presence proved to be strongly correlated with, in order, total plugs consumption, whole room power consumption, and lighting use. A binary presence classification using Random Forest on energy features was conducted also at room level, and showed good results. The same algorithm for a three-classes categorization of room occupancy showed acceptable results despite lower accuracy. Overall, the analysis proved that a level of granularity preserving anonymity might be sufficient and should be considered depending on the needs for occupancy information in order to reduce energy consumption.

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are gaining momentum due to several factors, including the price reduction as well as the climate and environmental awareness. This paper reviews the advances of EVs regarding battery technology trends, charging methods, as well as new research challenges and open opportunities. More specifically, an analysis of the worldwide market situation of EVs and their future prospects is carried out. Given that one of the fundamental aspects in EVs is the battery, the paper presents a thorough review of the battery technologies—from the Lead-acid batteries to the Lithium-ion. Moreover, we review the different standards that are available for EVs charging process, as well as the power control and battery energy management proposals. Finally, we conclude our work by presenting our vision about what is expected in the near future within this field, as well as the research aspects that are still open for both industry and academic communities.

This article presents a systematic literature review on the Plug and Produce concept in advanced automated manufacturing control systems. Over recent decades, this concept has evolved significantly, with researchers focusing on enhancing its applicability and improving its conceptual, logical, and physical aspects across various sub-areas such as system design, methodologies, and supporting tools within the Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 frameworks. The review offers technical insights on the research domain of Plug and Produce accompanied by an analytical schematic outlining five key evolving research streams ranging from system design framework, and functionality features, up to the empirical application. Additionally, the article discusses important issues surrounding the evolution of Plug and Produce in alignment with emerging trends within Industry 5.0 automation. By analyzing the literature and current trends in industrial automation, the article highlights critical key development directions for shaping the future of manufacturing systems focusing on smart, circular, and human-centric solutions using Plug and Produce.

Hydraulic selection is a key feature of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems but existing aerobic granular sludge (AGS) models neglect those mechanisms: gradients over reactor height (Hreactor), selective removal of slow settling sludge, etc. This study aimed at evaluating to what extent integration of those additional processes into AGS models is needed, i.e., at demonstrating that model predictions (biomass inventory, microbial activities and effluent quality) are affected by such additional model complexity. We therefore developed a new AGS model that includes key features of full-scale AGS systems: fill-draw operation, selective sludge removal, distinct settling models for flocs/granules. We then compared predictions of our model to those of a fully mixed AGS model. Our results demonstrate that hydraulic selection can be predicted with an assembly of four continuous stirred tank reactors in series together with a correction code for plug-flow. Concentration gradients over the reactor height during settling/plug-flow feeding strongly impact the predictions of aerobic granular sludge models in terms of microbial selection, microbial activities and ultimately effluent quality. Hydraulic selection is a key to predict selection of storing microorganisms (phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAO) and glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAO)) and in turn effluent quality in terms of total phosphorus, and for predicting effluent solid concentration and dynamic during plug-flow feeding.

The release of untreated/partially treated effluent and solid waste from textile dyeing industries, having un-reacted dyes, their hydrolysed products and high total dissolved solids (TDS) over the period of time had led to the deterioration of ecological niches. In an endeavour to develop a sustainable and effective alternative to conventional approaches, a plug flow reactor (PFR) having immobilized cells of consortium of three indigenous bacterial isolates was developed. The reactor was fed with effluent collected from the equalization tank of a textile processing unit located near city of Amritsar, Punjab (India). The PFR over a period of 3 months achieved 97.98 %, 82.22 %, 87.36%, 77.71% and 68.75% lowering of colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) respectively. The comparison of the phytotoxicity and genotoxicity of untreated and PFR-treated output samples using plant and animal models indicated significant lowering of respective toxicity potential. This is a first report, as per best of our knowledge, regarding direct treatment of textile industry effluent without any pre-treatment and with minimal nutritional inputs, which can be easily integrated into already existing treatment plant. The successful implementation of this system will lower the cost of coagulants/flocculants and also lowering the sludge generation.

A developing trend in stormwater treatment and management is the use of green technologies. Plant biofilters have been gaining increasing use in support of green technology objectives. This technical note reports on the development and preliminary testing of a laboratory-scale plant biofilter prototype for ammonia removal using a South African native plant species (Juncus efusus ). The prototype design was based on a conceptual model for nitrogen fixation, plant uptake, bacterial nitrification and soil sorption. Additionally, a plug compartment was incorporated into the design to simulate plug flow as part of the conceptual model. Biofilter models with and without inoculated bacteria were compared. Ammonia reduction, nitrite and nitrate formation were observed. Results showed that the inoculated plant biofilter performed best, with an average of 61% reduction in ammonia within the filter compared to 15% in the normal plant biofilter. The incorporation of a plug compartment aided in slowing down the ammonia infiltration rate, increasing the retention time, and allowing for nitrification to occur.

In order to solve certain issues, such as brittle fracture corrosion and easy failure, which occur under high ambient temperatures and high breakthrough pressures when conventional cement is used to plug rock perforations, a method using a Sn58Bi alloy was adopted in this paper; it was utilized to melt and plug a perforation. Subsequently, the influence of the characteristics of the rock perforation (such as perforation length and diameter) on alloy plugging performance under different conditions and ambient temperatures was studied. The experimental results show that the plugging effect of the Sn58Bi alloy was affected by ambient temperature, plugging diameter, and length. When the plugging length was 100 mm and the perforation diameter was 10 mm, the mechanical plug performance decreased by 24.0% when the ambient temperature increased from 30 °C to 60 °C, and then decreased by 19.0% when the ambient temperature increased to 90 °C. At 30 °C, the mechanical plug performance decreased by 30.4% when the diameter decreased from 10 mm to 8 mm, and decreased by 28.0% when the diameter decreased to 6 mm. When the length was constant and the diameter was decreased from 10 mm to 8 mm and then to 6 mm, the hydraulic plugging effect became better, and the trend increased from 33.7% to 37.2%.