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Paddywack
Paddywack is a spunky pony who jumps, trots, and walks beautifully, as long as his rider remembers his treats.
Book
Volumetric measurements of paranasal sinuses and examination of sinonasal communication in healthy Shetland ponies: anatomical and morphometric characteristics using computed tomography
Background
Despite clinical importance and frequent occurrence of sinus disease, little is known about the size of paranasal sinuses and their communication in ponies and small horses. To examine the shape and volume of the paranasal sinuses and evaluate the sinonasal communication, three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) datasets of 12 healthy adult Shetland ponies were performed and analysed. Linear measurements of head length and width were taken. Using semi-automatic segmentation, 3D-models of all sinus compartments were created. Volumetric measurement of the seven sinus compartments were conducted and statistical analysis was performed. Sinus volumes were compared between the left and right sinuses and the relation to age and head size was evaluated.
Results
Structure and shape of the paranasal sinus system in Shetland ponies was similar to that of large horses. All seven sinus compartments on each side of the head were identified (rostral maxillary sinus, ventral conchal sinus, caudal maxillary sinus, dorsal conchal sinus, middle conchal sinus, frontal sinus, sphenopalatine sinus). The existence of a bilateral cranial and a caudal system formed by a maxillary septum was visible in all 12 individuals. The volumetric sizes of the left and right sinuses did not differ significantly (
p
> 0.05). A positive correlation between the size of the paranasal sinuses and the head length was shown. A relation between sinus volumes and age could not be proved in adult ponies aged > six years. Communication between single sinus compartments was identified. Furthermore, communication with the nasal cavity over the nasomaxillary aperture (Apertura nasomaxillaris) and a common sinonasal channel (Canalis sinunasalis communis) as well as its splitting up into a rostral and a caudolateral channel could be seen. Examination of the sinonasal communication was challenging and only a descriptive evaluation was possible.
Conclusions
Our findings concerning the size, shape and volumetric dimensions of Shetland pony CT images could help improve CT interpretation of abnormal clinical cases as well as aiding clinicians to develop and select appropriate instruments for medical inspection and treatments.
Journal Article
Genomic insights into the genetic diversity and genetic basis of body height in endangered Chinese Ningqiang ponies
Background
Genetic diversity in livestock and poultry is critical for adapting production systems to future challenges. However, inadequate management practices, particularly in developing countries, have led to the extinction or near extinction of several species. Understanding the genetic composition and historical background of local breeds is essential for their effective conservation and sustainable use. This study compared the genomes of 30 newly sequenced Ningqiang ponies with those of 56 other ponies and 104 horses to investigate genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and the genetic basis of body height differences.
Result
Population structure and genetic diversity analyses revealed that Ningqiang ponies belong to southwestern Chinese ponies. They exhibit a moderate level of inbreeding compared to other pony and horse breeds. Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicated that Ningqiang and Debao ponies share the dominant haplogroups A and C, suggesting a likely common maternal origin. Our study identified low genetic differentiation and detectable gene flow between Ningqiang ponies and Datong horses. The study also indicated the effective population size of Ningqiang ponies showed a downward trend. These findings potentially reflect the historical formation of Ningqiang ponies and population size changes. A selection signal scan (CLR and θπ) within Ningqiang ponies detected several key genes associated with bone development (
ANKRD11
,
OSGIN2
,
JUNB
, and
RPL13
) and immune response (
RIPK2
). The combination of genome-wide association analysis and selective signature analysis (
F
ST
) revealed significant single nucleotide polymorphisms and selective genes associated with body height, with the most prominent finding being the
TBX3
gene on equine chromosome (ECA) 8. Additionally,
TBX5
,
ASAP1
,
CDK12
,
CA10
, and
CSMD1
were identified as important candidate genes for body height differences between ponies and horses.
Conclusion
The results of this study elucidate the genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and effective population size of Ningqiang ponies compared to other ponies and horses, further deepen the understanding of their small stature, and provide valuable insights into the conservation and breeding of local horse breeds in China.
Journal Article
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Thyroxine Concentrations in Young Healthy Equids: Species Differences and Seasonal Variations
Due to growing interest in endocrine diseases, more studies aim to interpret the baseline concentrations and reference intervals of hormone values like adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and thyroxine (T4) in horses. Most studies available in the literature focus on evaluating ACTH and thyroid hormone values in adult and geriatric horses, with only a few considering younger donkeys and ponies. This study aimed to measure ACTH and T4 in autumn and spring in younger equids. The study included 42 young equids, which were divided into three groups: horses, ponies, and donkeys. The concentration of T4 was significantly higher in autumn than in spring in all the animals (p = 0.049) and significantly higher in donkeys than in horses (p = 0.0046). The concentration of ACTH was significantly higher in autumn than in spring in all animals (p = 0.00015) and significantly higher in donkeys than in horses and ponies (p = 0.001). The study results underscore the importance of utilizing seasonal hormone reference ranges specifically adapted for ponies and donkeys to accurately assess hormone secretion patterns in young animals. Reliance on reference values established for horses may lead to overinterpretation of hormone concentrations and misdiagnosis of endocrine disease in healthy donkeys or ponies.
Journal Article
Runaway ponies!
\"When Meg's parents go away for the weekend, letting Meg stay with fellow Pony Scout Jill, the Scouts are in for an extra-special sleepover! Meg, Jill, and their friend Annie get to tend Jill's ponies day and night. But when one of the Scouts forgets to latch a pony's stall, things start to get a little crazy. The Pony Scouts race to the rescue, and along the way they learn that being careful is an important key to being able to have fun.\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Pathways involved in pony body size development
Background
The mechanism of body growth in mammals is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the regulatory networks involved in body growth through transcriptomic analysis of pituitary and epiphyseal tissues of smaller sized Debao ponies and Mongolian horses at the juvenile and adult stages.
Results
We found that
growth hormone receptor
(
GHR
) was expressed at low levels in long bones, although g
rowth hormone
(
GH
) was highly expressed in Debao ponies compared with Mongolian horses. Moreover, significant downregulated of the
GHR
pathway components
m-RAS
and
ATF3
was found in juvenile ponies, which slowed the proliferation of bone osteocytes. However,
WNT2
and
PLCβ2
were obviously upregulated in juvenile Debao ponies, which led to premature mineralization of the bone extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we found that the
WNT/Ca
2+
pathway may be responsible for regulating body growth.
GHR
was demonstrated by q-PCR and Western blot analyses to be expressed at low levels in long bones of Debao ponies. Treatment with WNT antagonistI decreased the expression of
WNT
pathway components (
P
< 0.05) in vitro. Transduction of ATDC5 cells with a GHR-RNAi lentiviral vector decreased the expression of the
GHR
pathway components (
P
< 0.05). Additionally, the expression of the
IGF-1
gene in the liver was lower in Debao ponies than in Mongolian horses at the juvenile and adult stages. Detection of plasma hormone concentrations showed that Debao ponies expressed higher levels of IGF-1 as juveniles and higher levels of GH as adults than Mongolian horses, indicating that the hormone regulation in Debao ponies differs from that in Mongolian horses.
Conclusion
Our work provides insights into the genetic regulation of short stature growth in mammals and can provide useful information for the development of therapeutic strategies for small size.
Journal Article
Horses and ponies
Introduces the world of horses and ponies by looking at their habitats, their behaviors and their history. -- Source other than Library of Congress.
Book
The sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor velagliflozin reduces hyperinsulinemia and prevents laminitis in insulin-dysregulated ponies
There are no registered veterinary drugs for treating insulin dysregulation and preventing insulin-associated laminitis in horses. Velagliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transport 2 inhibitor that reduces renal glucose reabsorption, promotes glucosuria, and consequently, decreases blood glucose and insulin concentrations. This study aimed to determine if velagliflozin reduced hyperinsulinemia and prevented laminitis in insulin-dysregulated ponies fed a challenge diet high in non-structural carbohydrates (NSC). An oral glucose test (1 g dextrose/kg BW) was used to screen 75 ponies for insulin dysregulation, of which 49 ponies with the highest insulin concentrations were selected. These animals were assigned randomly to either a treated group (n = 12) that received velagliflozin (0.3 mg/kg BW, p.o., s.i.d.) throughout the study, or a control group (n = 37). All ponies were fed a maintenance diet of alfalfa hay for 3 weeks, before transferring to a challenge diet (12 g NSC/kg BW/d) for up to 18 d. Blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were measured over 4 h after feeding, on d 2 of the diet. The maximum glucose concentration was 22% lower (P = 0.014) in treated animals, with a geometric mean (95% CI) of 9.4 (8.0-11.0) mM, versus 12.1 (10.7-13.7) mM in the controls. This was reflected by lower (45%) maximum insulin concentrations in the treated group (P = 0.017), of 149 (97-228) μIU/mL, versus 272 (207-356) μIU/mL for controls. The diet induced Obel grade 1 or 2 laminitis in 14 of the 37 controls (38%), whereas no velagliflozin-treated pony developed laminitis (P = 0.011). Velagliflozin was well-tolerated, with no hypoglycemia or any clinical signs of adverse effects. The main limitation of this study was the sample size. Velagliflozin shows promise as a safe and effective compound for treating insulin dysregulation and preventing laminitis by reducing the hyperinsulinemic response to dietary NSC.
Journal Article