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"Postpartum"
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Poor sleep quality increases symptoms of depression and anxiety in postpartum women
This study evaluated the relationship between sleep quality and symptoms of depression and anxiety in women studied in pregnancy and postpartum. Scores on standardized measures of sleep (PSQI) at 6 months postpartum, and symptoms of anxiety and depression (OASIS, the PHQ9, and EPDS) were assessed by structured interviews in 116 women in pregnancy and/or postpartum. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with greater symptoms of depression and anxiety. Women who had significantly higher OASIS (anxiety) scores (β = .530, p < .001), PHQ9 (depression) scores (β = .496, p < .001), and EPDS (postpartum depression and anxiety) scores (β = .585, p < .001) also had elevated total PSQI scores after adjustment for covariates, including prenatal depression and anxiety scores. Though inferences about causality are not feasible, these results support emerging research showing sleep quality is a risk factor for negative maternal affect in the postpartum period. Assessment of maternal sleep hygiene is worth consideration as a component of identifying women at risk for postpartum depression and anxiety.
Journal Article
Hair cortisol levels, psychological stress and psychopathological symptoms as predictors of postpartum depression
Postpartum depression affects a huge number of women and has detrimental consequences. Knowing the factors associated with postpartum depression during pregnancy can help its prevention. Although there is evidence surrounding behavioral or psychological predictors of postpartum depression, there is a lack of evidence of biological forecasters. The aim of this study was to analyze the sociodemographic, obstetric, and psychological variables along with hair cortisol levels during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy that could predict postpartum depression symptoms. A sample of 44 pregnant women was assessed during 3 trimesters of pregnancy and the postpartum period using psychological questionnaires and hair cortisol levels. Participants were divided into 2 groups: a group with postpartum depression symptoms and a group with no postpartum depression symptoms. Results showed significant positive differences between groups in the first trimester regarding the Somatization subscale of the SCL-90-R (p < .05). In the second trimester, significant differences were found in the Somatization, Depression, Anxiety, and GSI subscales (p < .05). In the third trimester significant differences between both groups were found regarding pregnancy-specific stress. We found significant positive differences between groups regarding hair cortisol levels in the first and the third trimester. Hair cortisol levels could predict 21.7% of the variance of postpartum depression symptoms. In conclusion, our study provided evidence that psychopathological symptoms, pregnancy-specific stress, and hair cortisol levels can predict postpartum depression symptoms at different time-points during pregnancy. These findings can be applied in future studies and improve maternal care in clinical settings.
Journal Article
Exploring Bridge Symptoms in Postpartum Women With Comorbid Postpartum Depression and Postpartum Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder
Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) and postpartum post‐traumatic stress disorder (PP‐PTSD) are prevalent among women. However, the specific symptoms that serve as bridges remain unknown between these two disorders.
Aim: The objective of this study is to establish a symptom network model for PPD and PP‐PTSD and investigate the bridge symptoms and their interrelationships in cases of comorbid PPD and PP‐PTSD.
Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Wuhan from March 2024 to November 2024. PPD was evaluated using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and PP‐PTSD was measured using the Chinese version of the Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire. The “Postpartum Depression–Postpartum Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder” network model was constructed and analyzed using R software version 4.2.3.
Conclusion: Healthcare professionals should focus on the severe bridge symptoms reported by postpartum women. To enhance awareness and alleviate anxiety levels, it is advisable to implement positive psychological interventions.
Journal Article
Breaking mum and dad : the insider's guide to parenting anxiety
With more than 1 in 10 new parents experiencing post-natal depression and anxiety, and after suffering the traumatic birth of her son, and herself being diagnosed with post-natal anxiety and birth trauma, Anna Williamson uncovers the real thoughts, feelings and behaviours that many of us experience in those first few weeks and months after becoming a parent.
Book
Postpartum depression in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis
To provide an estimate of the burden of postpartum depression in Indian mothers and investigate some risk factors for the condition.
We searched PubMed®, Google Scholar and Embase® databases for articles published from year 2000 up to 31 March 2016 on the prevalence of postpartum depression in Indian mothers. The search used subject headings and keywords with no language restrictions. Quality was assessed via the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. We performed the meta-analysis using a random effects model. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression was done for heterogeneity and the Egger test was used to assess publication bias.
Thirty-eight studies involving 20 043 women were analysed. Studies had a high degree of heterogeneity (
= 96.8%) and there was evidence of publication bias (Egger bias = 2.58; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.83-4.33). The overall pooled estimate of the prevalence of postpartum depression was 22% (95% CI: 19-25). The pooled prevalence was 19% (95% CI: 17-22) when excluding 8 studies reporting postpartum depression within 2 weeks of delivery. Small, but non-significant differences in pooled prevalence were found by mother's age, geographical location and study setting. Reported risk factors for postpartum depression included financial difficulties, presence of domestic violence, past history of psychiatric illness in mother, marital conflict, lack of support from husband and birth of a female baby.
The review shows a high prevalence of postpartum depression in Indian mothers. More resources need to be allocated for capacity-building in maternal mental health care in India.
Journal Article