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1. Predictions of the identities and ecological impacts of invasive alien species are critical for risk assessment, but presently we lack universal and standardized metrics that reliably predict the likelihood and degree of impact of such invaders (i.e. measurable changes in populations of affected species). This need is especially pressing for emerging and potential future invaders that have no invasion history. Such a metric would also ideally apply across diverse taxonomic and trophic groups. 2. We derive a new metric of invader ecological impact that blends: (i) the classic Functional Response (FR; consumer per capita effect) and Numerical Response (NR; consumer population response) approaches to determining consumer impact, that is, the Total Response (TR = FR × NR), with; (ii) the Tarker-Lonsdale equation' for invader impact, where Impact = Range × Abundance × Effect (per capita effect), into; (iii) a new metric, Relative Impact Potential (RIP), where RIP = FR × Abundance. The RIP metric is an invader/native ratio, where values > 1 predict that invader ecological impact will occur, and increasing values above 1 indicate increasing impact. In addition, the invader/invader RIP ratio allows comparisons of the ecological impacts of different invaders. 3. Across a diverse range of trophic and taxonomic groups, including predators, herbivores, animals and plants (22 invader/native systems with 47 individual comparisons), high-impact invaders were significantly associated with higher FRs compared to native trophic analogues. However, the RIP metric substantially improves this association, with 100% predictive power of high-impact invaders. 4. Further, RIP scores were significantly and positively correlated with two independent ecological impact scores for invaders, allowing prediction of the degree of impact of invasive alien species with the RIP metric. Finally, invader/invader RIP scores were also successful in identifying and associating with higher impacting invasive alien species. 5. Synthesis and applications. The Relative Impact Potential metric combines the per capita effects of invaders with their abundances, relative to trophically analogous natives, and is successful in predicting the likelihood and degree of ecological impact caused by invasive alien species. As the metric constitutes readily measurable features of individuals, populations and species across abiotic and biotic context-dependencies, even emerging and potential future invasive alien species can be assessed. The Relative Impact Potential metric can be rapidly utilized by scientists and practitioners and could inform policy and management of invasive alien species across diverse taxonomic and trophic groups.

The cryosphere in mountain regions is rapidly declining, a trend that is expected to accelerate over the next several decades due to anthropogenic climate change. A cascade of effects will result, extending from mountains to lowlands with associated impacts on human livelihood, economy, and ecosystems. With rising air temperatures and increased radiative forcing, glaciers will become smaller and, in some cases, disappear, the area of frozen ground will diminish, the ratio of snow to rainfall will decrease, and the timing and magnitude of both maximum and minimum streamflow will change. These changes will affect erosion rates, sediment, and nutrient flux, and the biogeochemistry of rivers and proglacial lakes, all of which influence water quality, aquatic habitat, and biotic communities. Changes in the length of the growing season will allow low‐elevation plants and animals to expand their ranges upward. Slope failures due to thawing alpine permafrost, and outburst floods from glacier‐ and moraine‐dammed lakes will threaten downstream populations. Societies even well beyond the mountains depend on meltwater from glaciers and snow for drinking water supplies, irrigation, mining, hydropower, agriculture, and recreation. Here, we review and, where possible, quantify the impacts of anticipated climate change on the alpine cryosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, and consider the implications for adaptation to a future of mountains without permanent snow and ice. Key Points Deglaciation of low‐ to mid‐latitude mountain ranges is likely to occur within this century Strong impacts on hydrology, erosion rates, sediment and nutrient flux, as well as water quality, aquatic habitat and biotic communities will result Far‐reaching implications for human adaptation to a world of mountains without permanent snow and ice

This research was aimed to identify the social and economic factors influencing the adoption of integrated pest control using pheromone traps to control the pests on palm trees in four governorates (Babylon, Karbala, Baghdad, and Wasit). The research is conducted with a sample of 340 farmers using of questionnaire. The research conducts the PROBIT model, to evaluate the suitability of the model we used McFadden R2 and Likelihood Ratio-LR test,  Hosmer & Lemeshow goodness of fit test, Wald test to judge the significant correlation. The results showed a significant correlation at 1%, among (age, damage to animals and bees, orchard location, land type and control costs) and at 5% between (education level, return). The study also showed that the degree of risk ranged between 3.4 - 3.5 degrees for chemical pesticides that are used by farmers in the study area for the five environmental categories. The study recommended to implementing the integrated pest control program in the palm sector, the need to increase financial and guidance support for the program because of its positive impact on the social economic aspect of farmers. هدف البحث إلى التعرف على العوامل الاجتماعية والاقتصادية المؤثرة في اعتماد المكافحة المتكاملة باستخدام المصائد الفرمونية لمكافحة الآفات على أشجار النخيل في أربع محافظات (بابل، كربلاء، بغداد، وواسط). تم إجراء البحث على عينة مكونة من 340 مزارعاً باستخدام الاستبيان. أجرى البحث نموذج PROBIT، لتقييم مدى ملاءمة النموذج، تم استخدام اختبار McFadden R2 واختبار نسبة الاحتمالية-LR، واختبار Hosmer & Lemeshow جودة الملاءمة، واختبار Wald للحكم على الارتباط المعنوي. أظهرت النتائج وجود علاقة معنوية عند 1% بين (العمر، الضرر الذي يلحق بالحيوانات والنحل، موقع البستان، نوع الأرض وتكاليف المكافحة) وبنسبة 5% بين (المستوى التعليمي، العائد). كما أظهرت الدراسة أن درجة الخطورة تراوحت بين 3.4 – 3.5 درجة للمبيدات الكيماوية التي يستخدمها المزارعون في منطقة الدراسة للفئات البيئية الخمس، وأوصت الدراسة بتنفيذ برنامج المكافحة المتكامل في قطاع النخيل، وضرورة زيادة الدعم المالي والإرشادي للبرنامج لما له من تأثير إيجابي على الجانب الاقتصادي الاجتماعي للمزارعين

Global warming is a main cause for current ocean deoxygenation. A deployment of marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) for mitigating global warming could therefore also be viewed as a measure for mitigating ocean deoxygenation if, and only if, the respective CDR measure itself does not lead to a larger oxygen loss than the reduction in atmospheric CO2 would prevent. We here review the current state of knowledge regarding the potential impacts of various marine CDR (mCDR) options onto ocean oxygen, a key ocean state variable and an essential element for all higher forms of marine life. Using results from global model simulations, we show that biotic approaches, such as ocean fertilization, macroalgae cultivation and sinking, and placement of organic matter that is prone to remineralization, can lead to a loss in seawater dissolved oxygen that is 4–40 times larger than the oxygen gain that would result from the CDR-induced reduction in global warming only. Biotic approaches also tend to enhance the amplitude of the diel cycle in dissolved oxygen, with possible physiological impacts specifically in shallow-water environments of coastal vegetated ecosystem. In contrast, geochemical approaches, and biotic approaches that avoid remineralization of biomass within the ocean, may be applied in ways that have minimal impacts on dissolved oxygen. We suggest that impacts on marine oxygen should be accounted for in assessing the suitability of mCDR, and that oxygen should be measured prior to, during and after any research-scale or full-scale implementation activity.

Trinanes et al discuss the integrated observation effort for Sargassum monitoring and warning in the Caribbean Sea, Tropical Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico. The floating, golden-brown algae, pelagic Sargossum, plays an important role in the marine ecosystem of the North Atlantic, and depending on its extension and impact, has the potential to be considered a pollutant. The complicated dynamics of Sargassum render routine monitoring using ships to collect in situ observations at the scale of the North Atlantic, or even the Caribbean Sea, far from practical. The validation of Sargassum satellite products benefits greatly from the integration of in situ data over the regions of interest.

The development of solar energy is one of the most effective means to deal with the environmental and energy crisis. The floating photovoltaic (PV) system is an attractive type because of its multiple advantages and has been well developed based on fresh water areas on land. This paper focuses on the expansion of this sector towards the ocean, offshore floating PV plants, which is the new growth point with huge potential for the future PV sector. For this new field, the technology readiness level is really low and research to understand the interaction between offshore floating PV plants and marine environment are proceeding. In this paper, we aim to discuss the technological feasibility of offshore floating PV plants as well as analyze potential impacts on the marine environment during the life cycle of PV from manufacturing until disposal.

Climate change will affect future flow and thermal regimes of rivers. This will directly affect freshwater habitats and ecosystem health. In particular fish species, which are strongly adapted to a certain level of flow variability will be sensitive to future changes in flow regime. In addition, all freshwater fish species are exotherms, and increasing water temperatures will therefore directly affect fishes’ biochemical reaction rates and physiology. To assess climate change impacts on large-scale freshwater fish habitats we used a physically-based hydrological and water temperature modelling framework forced with an ensemble of climate model output. Future projections on global river flow and water temperature were used in combination with current spatial distributions of several fish species and their maximum thermal tolerances to explore impacts on fish habitats in different regions around the world. Results indicate that climate change will affect seasonal flow amplitudes, magnitude and timing of high and low flow events for large fractions of the global land surface area. Also, significant increases in both the frequency and magnitude of exceeding maximum temperature tolerances for selected fish species are found. Although the adaptive capacity of fish species to changing hydrologic regimes and rising water temperatures could be variable, our global results show that fish habitats are likely to change in the near future, and this is expected to affect species distributions.

Nanomaterials (NMs) are those tiny materials that range from 1-100 nm. These materials show different characteristics in their physical and chemical forms in comparison to their bulk form. The use of nanomaterials is increasing day by day because of their enormous capabilities in the health sector as well as in other industries. There are currently few, if any, actual protocols for the disposal and characterization of these nanomaterials, which results in environmental toxicity. Heavy use of chemicals in the testing of nanomaterials has resulted in polluting our entire ecosystem. Inconsistent results of nanomaterial show that it is challenging to reduce the toxicity generated by it. In this review, we discuss the administration and use of nanomaterials in the agribusiness sector, in food, and, most importantly, in the environment, for purposes of protecting our plants and crops, dealing with incurable diseases, developing new tastes and textures in the food sector, sensations, identifying pathogenic organisms, and distribution systems where these minute particles can wreak havoc. Despite the potential benefits of nanomaterials, their unintentional harm to the environment and, in some cases, our health is making further development difficult. This article discusses the toxicity of nanomaterials and how they damage our environment, as well as the obstacles that come with overcoming them.

Maximenko et al discuss the integration of observing system for monitoring marine debris and biodiversity. Wood, pumice, drifting kelp, and other natural marine debris have long played important roles in marine ecosystems. Collecting comprehensive observations of marine debris and marine life in the pelagic ocean is tremendously difficult. Pelagic ecosystems contain diverse species, each having its own life cycle and each responding differently to changing environmental conditions. Interactions among species produce an even larger number of monitoring and research challenges. The complexity of marine debris composition and associated biological communities, as well as the diversity of tools and methods available to monitor and observe them, require coordinated approaches that harmonize regional efforts intoaglobal system without losingthecol-lection of any important indicators.