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"Pyramid texts."
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UN-TRANSMITTED SPELLS INTO THE POST-UNIS OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID TEXTS
The pyramid texts are funerary spells which were found in eleven pyramids of old kingdom kings and queens. This paper deals with the phenomenon of excluding some spells of the old kingdom pyramid texts after their first attestation. This study assigns the term \"Untransmitted spells\" to identify these spells which were attested in a certain pyramid while not reselected once again in the other pyramids. The paper focuses on those of Unis pyramid, which has 38 un-transmitted spells, trying to answer two essential questions: why these spells emerged only once in the pyramid of Unis and were not transmitted or reselected into the other old kingdom pyramids? Were these spells transmitted or reselected and became a part of the re-contextualization program after the old kingdom or not? The study suggests three reasons for the phenomenon in question depending on the investigation of the Pyramid Texts editing during the old kingdom.
Journal Article
Early Evidence for the Egyptian God Kheprer
Analysing early pieces of evidence for a phenomenon has always been a problematic task and it can be more difficult when dealing with a religious topic. Anachronistic approaches have often been projected in this kind of research, which brings inaccurate interpretations and findings. This paper concentrates on early testimonies for the ancient Egyptian god Kheprer, the deity of the morning sun and autogenesis. It discusses some previously suggested Predynastic, Early Dynastic, and Old Kingdom sources (such as finds of beetles in vessels, the so-called Libyan Palette, Giza writing board, figures of beetles, personal names and titles, Pyramid Texts) that can refer to the existence and belief in this deity. This study focuses mainly on the problematic issues in the interpretations of those finds, demonstrating thus that the only secure evidence for Kheprer comes from the Pyramid Texts.
Journal Article
The dawning moon of the mind : unlocking the pyramid texts
\"A stunning and original interpretation of an ancient system of poetic, religious, and philosophical thought\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Astronomy, Architecture, and Symbolism: The Global Project of Sneferu at Dahshur
The two pyramids built during the Old Kingdom by the Fourth Dynasty King Sneferu at Dahshur are usually considered as two consecutive projects, the second – that of the Red Pyramid – being generated by a presumably failure of the first, the Bent Pyramid. In the present paper, we show that the archaeological proofs of such a scenario are far from obvious and that, on the contrary, a series of architectural, topographical, epigraphic, and astronomical hints point to a unitary project probably conceived from the very beginning in terms of the two pyramids and their annexes. Altogether the two pyramids are thus shown to form a conceptual, sacred landscape associated with the power of the Pharaoh and his afterlife.
Journal Article
The Use of Figurative Language Concerning the Death of the King
This paper aims to research the use of figurative expressions concerning the death of the king in the Pyramid Texts, biographic texts and literary texts. The death of a king was always a taboo subject and was usually expressed in euphemistic forms. The term “ascent to heaven” is the most important expression for describing the demise of the king. This term is expressed through the use of figurative language,which can come from the natural, animal and divine worlds. Examples and references of figurative expressions concerning the death of the king will be listed and discussed.
Journal Article
The Palace Façade Motif and the Pyramid Texts as Cosmic Boundaries in Unis's Pyramid Chambers
The focus of this article is the pyramid belonging to king Unis, last king of the 5th Dynasty. The striking feature of this pyramid is its ornate internal decoration with spells/utterances from the Pyramid Texts, and with the palace façade motif around the king's sarcophagus. The Pyramid Texts, one of the oldest examples of religious literature in the world, appear here for the first time. To date, research has generally focused on the language and content of the Pyramid Texts. This article looks beyond the subject matter of the Pyramid Texts to explore how these early hieroglyphic writings had additional integral symbolism embedded in their parietal format. Using a novel perspective that seeks symbolic connections across textual and non-textual elements, I argue that the Pyramid Texts and the palace façade motif, through their architectural format, represent the boundaries of the cosmos, which is itself the main theme in the Pyramid Texts.
Journal Article
دور المعبود المحلي حمن في الكتب الدينية
هدف البحث إلى عرض موضوع بعنوان \" دور المعبود المحلى حمن في الكتب الدينية\". وتطرق البحث إلى الحديث عن أن مصر القديمة شهدت تعدداً كبيراً في المعبودات المحلية التي قدسها القوم جنباً إلى جنب مع معبود الرئيسي للبلاد، وقد كان من بين تلك المعبودات المحلية، واحداً لم ينل من الشهرة الكثيرة، وهو المعبود الذي عرف باسم \"حمن\" وكان مقر عبادته الأوحد في المعلا حالياً 18 كم شمال إسنا والتي تتبع الإقليم الثالث من أقاليم مصر العليا، وقد صوره القوم على هيئة الصقر. كما استعرض أنه في العصر الدولة الوسطي بدأ الإله \"حمن\" يحظى بالشهرة وخاصة في نصوص التوابيت، كما اتفقت كل الفقرات التي ورد بها الإله \"حمن\" في تصويره كمعبود حارس وحامي للموتي، ويطارد الشرور ويقبض على الأعداء. وكشف البحث عن الغرض من مصاحبة \"حمن\" للمتوفي في هذه الزيارة فكان يتمثل في فرض الحماية في المقام الأول، ثم أن يقوم \"حمن\" بدور الأوشابتي الذي ينوب عن المتوفي في تحمل المشاق والصعاب. كما أوضح أن المعبود \"حمن\" ارتبط بالفيضان قد ظهر للمرة الأولى في مقبرة حاكم المعلا \"عنخ تيفي\" واستمر هذا الرابط حتى عصر ملوك الأسرة الخامسة والعشرين، بحيث أشارت النصوص في مقبرة \"عنخ تيفي\" إلى حدوث مجاعة في عهده أصابت الإقليم وقضت على النبات والأرض، ولم ينقذ هذا الأمر سوي \"حمن\" الذي جاء مبحراً على قاربه جالباً معه فيضان النيل. وارتكز البحث على أنه في العصر الدولة الحديثة ومع ظهور كتاب الموتى، ورد \"حمن\" في إشارات ضئيلة للغاية، وواقع الأمر أن الأهمية هنا ليست في مقدار دوره في كتاب الموتى، وإنما في طبيعة هذا الدور. واختتم البحث موضحاً أن المكانة الدينية للمعبود \"حمن\" استمرت طيلة العصور المصرية القديمة في كافة ربوع البلاد، حيث لم تقتصر تلك المكانة على إطار جغرافي محدد. كُتب هذا المستخلص من قِبل دار المنظومة 2018
Journal Article