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"Readers Shapes."
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Shapes and patterns in nature
A motivating introduction to using essential non-fiction reading skills, children will love to find out about zebras' stripes, arches in the sky and where to find spirals.
Book
Eye-Tracking Study on Reading Fluency in Relation to Typeface Pleasantness Influenced by Cross-Modal Correspondence Between Taste and Shape
Reading fluency depends on the typographic design. Letters can have different shapes that evoke different feelings in the reader and influence reading fluency. Previous studies that explored the link between typeface shape and taste and its impact on reading and readers’ attitudes mainly focused on shorter texts or individual words. In contrast, our study investigated how the taste (sweetness) attributed to the typeface is related to reading fluency and the pleasantness of the typeface during reading longer texts, and whether these relationships are the same in children and adult readers. We found that readers of both age groups perceived rounded letters as sweeter than angular letters. The perceived sweetness correlated positively with the pleasantness of the typeface and reading fluency. Younger readers showed a higher general rating of sweetness and a stronger relationship between the perceived sweetness and the pleasantness of the typeface than older, more experienced readers. This suggests that the sweeter and more pleasant the typeface is perceived to be, the faster it can be read. When fast processing of longer texts is required, we recommend the use of rounded typefaces with more organic shapes, including serif typefaces with some characteristics of old-style typefaces, rather than using angular, sans serif typefaces.
Journal Article
Margaret Hillert's I like things
\"A young girl likes to collect and sort object such as buttons, rocks and stamps. She arranges objects by color, shape or size and shares in the fun with her parents and friends. Original edition revised with all new illustrations. Includes reading activities and a word list\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Parts, Wholes, and Context in Reading: A Triple Dissociation
Research in object recognition has tried to distinguish holistic recognition from recognition by parts. One can also guess an object from its context. Words are objects, and how we recognize them is the core question of reading research. Do fast readers rely most on letter-by-letter decoding (i.e., recognition by parts), whole word shape, or sentence context? We manipulated the text to selectively knock out each source of information while sparing the others. Surprisingly, the effects of the knockouts on reading rate reveal a triple dissociation. Each reading process always contributes the same number of words per minute, regardless of whether the other processes are operating.
Journal Article
Nanocrystalline materials: recent advances in crystallographic characterization techniques
Most properties of nanocrystalline materials are shape-dependent, providing their exquisite tunability in optical, mechanical, electronic and catalytic properties. An example of the former is localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), the coherent oscillation of conduction electrons in metals that can be excited by the electric field of light; this resonance frequency is highly dependent on both the size and shape of a nanocrystal. An example of the latter is the marked difference in catalytic activity observed for different Pd nanoparticles. Such examples highlight the importance of particle shape in nanocrystalline materials and their practical applications. However, one may ask `how are nanoshapes created?', `how does the shape relate to the atomic packing and crystallography of the material?', `how can we control and characterize the external shape and crystal structure of such small nanocrystals?'. This feature article aims to give the reader an overview of important techniques, concepts and recent advances related to these questions. Nucleation, growth and how seed crystallography influences the final synthesis product are discussed, followed by shape prediction models based on seed crystallography and thermodynamic or kinetic parameters. The crystallographic implications of epitaxy and orientation in multilayered, core-shell nanoparticles are overviewed, and, finally, the development and implications of novel, spatially resolved analysis tools are discussed.
Journal Article
A mesoscopic thermomechanically coupled model for thin-film shape-memory alloys by dimension reduction and scale transition
We design a new mesoscopic thin-film model for shape-memory materials which takes into account thermomechanical effects. Starting from a microscopic thermodynamical bulk model, we guide the reader through a suitable dimension reduction procedure followed by a scale transition valid for specimen large in area up to a limiting model which describes microstructure by means of parametrized measures. All our models obey the second law of thermodynamics and possess suitable weak solutions. This is shown for the resulting thin-film models by making the procedure described above mathematically rigorous. The main emphasis is, thus, put on modeling and mathematical treatment of joint interactions of mechanical and thermal effects accompanying phase transitions and on reduction in specimen dimensions and transition of material scales.
Journal Article
New Classes of Random Tessellations Arising from Iterative Division of Cells
We present new ideas about the type of random tessellation which evolves through successive division of its cells. These ideas are developed in an intuitive way, with many pictures and only a modicum of mathematical formalism–so that the wide application of the ideas is clearly apparent to all readers. A vast number of new tessellation models, with known probability distribution for the volume of the typical cell, follow from the concepts in this paper. There are other interesting models for which results are not presented (or presented only through simulation methods), but these models have illustrative value. A large agenda of further research is opened up by the ideas in this paper.
Journal Article
A sixteenth-century Neoplatonic synthesis: Francesco Piccolomini's theory of mathematics and imagination in the Academicae contemplationes
The metamathematical framework of the early modern period is primarily determined by two presuppositions stemming from the Aristotelian tradition: (1) mathematical objects are abstracted from sensible matter; (2) imagination is a reproductive faculty exclusively connected with the sensible realm. The recovery of the works of the Greek commentators confronted the early modern readers with rivalling philosophical-mathematical views that explicitly called into question some of their previously undisputed assumptions. In this article I will argue that Francesco Piccolomini (1523-1607) in his Academicae contemplationes brings about an original fusion of these colliding horizons, by transposing the synthesis established by (?) Simplicius between Aristotelian abstractionism and Neoplatonic innatism into the sixteenth century.
Journal Article
Sylexiad: How it was Designed
The paper will consider a series of typeface legibility and readability studies devised by the author that have resulted in the creation of Sylexiad, a typeface developed and designed for use by adult dyslexic readers. Sylexiad was developed by means of comparative typeface investigations involving a series of formative and summative small-scale tests that accommodated two established word recognition models—word shape and parallel letter recognition. This novel method of measuring legibility and readability is called developmental typeface testing and helped to facilitate the design of the font. The findings of developmental typeface testing identified the typographic characteristics adult dyslexic and non-dyslexic readers preferred and why. For the majority of non-dyslexic readers tested, it was the combination of serif-style, lowercase forms, large x-heights, medium weight, variable strokes and normal inter-word spacing that was preferred. The non-dyslexic readers also favoured the form of Times New Roman. Conversely, for the majority of dyslexic readers tested it was the combination of handwritten style, uppercase forms, long ascenders and descenders, light weight, uniform strokes, perpendicular design and generous inter-word spacing that was preferred. The dyslexic readers also favoured the form of Serif Sylexiad. The design and development of Sylexiad has raised issues that both confirm and contradict current typographic principles of legibility. Most notably, from a dyslexic perspective, the word shape model has been challenged. The outcomes and issues that have been identified as a result of the creation of Sylexiad form a key part of the paper.
Journal Article
Beyond Picture Walks: Revaluing Picturebooks as Written and Pictorial Texts
This article shares findings from a collaborative, qualitative research project investigating what happens to first and third graders’ comprehension of picturebooks if we intentionally teach them the language of art Elements of Art and Principles of Design. Work with the art teacher and two classroom teachers transformed the traditional picture walk and art lessons into authentic art and literacy engagements with picturebooks, empowering the students as readers and deepening their thinking. It is time to rethink traditional methods/strategies to revalue the written text and pictorial text.
Journal Article