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The emergence of Federated Learning (FL) has enabled privacy-preserving distributed machine learning, yet its vulnerability to poisoning attacks remains a critical challenge. Existing defense methods often rely on static aggregation rules or centralized verification mechanisms, which lack adaptability to dynamic adversarial behaviors and incur high computational costs. To address these limitations, this paper proposes the Federated Weighted Learning Algorithm (FWLA), a novel framework designed to mitigate poisoning attacks through client-specific weight adaptation and asynchronous collaboration. The core of FWLA lies in two components: (1) a residual testing mechanism that dynamically identifies malicious clients by analyzing deviations between local and global model updates, and (2) an asynchronous training protocol that allows clients to independently upload parameters, thereby avoiding synchronization bottlenecks. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets (CICIDS2017, UNSW-NB15, NSL-KDD) demonstrate FWLA’s superiority over state-of-the-art methods. Specifically, FWLA achieves 98.9% accuracy and reduces the false acceptance rate to 2.9% on CICIDS2017. The robustness analysis further reveals that FWLA maintains 83% accuracy even when 20% of clients are malicious, outperforming FedAvg and FedSGD by 12%. These improvements stem from FWLA’s ability to suppress poisoned updates through iterative weight adjustments, validated by ablation studies showing a 3.3% accuracy drop when removing residual testing. Nonetheless, FWLA has its limitations in that when the number of clients is large, it may lead to increased resource consumption, so future work will concentrate on developing strategies to reduce these resource costs.

Background Heregulin is a ligand for the protooncogene product ErbB/HER that acts as  a key mitogenic factor for human Schwann cells (hSCs). Heregulin is required for sustained hSC growth in vitro but must be thoroughly removed before cell collection for transplantation due to potential safety concerns. The goal of this study was to develop simple cell-based assays to assess the effectiveness of heregulin addition to and removal from aliquots of hSC culture medium. These bioassays were based on the capacity of a β1-heregulin peptide to elicit ErbB/HER receptor signaling in adherent ErbB2+/ErbB3+ cells. Results Western blotting was used to measure the activity of three different β1-heregulin/ErbB-activated kinases (ErbB3/HER3, ERK/MAPK and Akt/PKB) using phospho-specific antibodies against key activating residues. The duration, dose-dependency and specificity of β1-heregulin-initiated kinase phosphorylation were investigated, and controls were implemented for assay optimization and reproducibility to detect β1-heregulin activity in the nanomolar range. Results from these assays showed that the culture medium from transplantable hSCs elicited no detectable activation of the aforementioned kinases in independent rounds of testing, indicating that the implemented measures can ensure that the final hSC product is devoid of bioactive β1-heregulin molecules prior to transplantation. Conclusions These assays may be valuable to detect impurities such as undefined soluble factors or factors for which other biochemical or biological assays are not yet available. Our workflow can be modified as necessary to determine the presence of ErbB/HER, ERK, and Akt activators other than β1-heregulin using native samples, such as fresh isolates from cell- or tissue extracts in addition to culture medium.

This paper deals with a non-destructive analysis of residual stress through the visualization of deformation behaviors induced by a local spot heating. Deformation was applied to the surface of an aluminum alloy with an infrared spot laser. The heating process is non-contact, and the applied strain is reversible in the range of room temperature to approximately +10 °C. The specimen was initially pulled up to elastic tensile stress using a tensile test machine under the assumption that the material was subject to the tensile residual stress. The relaxation behaviors of the applied strain under tensile stress conditions were evaluated using contact and non-contact methods, i.e., two strain gauges (the contact method) and a two-dimensional electronic speckle pattern interferometer (non-contact method). The results are discussed based on the stress dependencies of the thermal expansion coefficient and the elasticity of the materials.

This paper discusses a non-destructive measurement technique of residual stress through optical visualization. The least amount of deformation possible is applied to steel plates by heating the specimens +10 °C from room temperature for initial calibration, and the thermal expansion behavior is visualized with an electronic speckle pattern interferometer sensitive to two dimensional in-plane displacement. Displacement distribution with the thermal deformation and coefficient of thermal expansion are obtained through interferometric fringe analysis. The results suggest the change in the thermal deformation behavior is affected by the external stress initially applied to the steel specimen. Additionally, dissimilar joints of steel and cemented carbide plates are prepared by butt-brazing. The residual stress is estimated based on the stress dependence of thermal expansion coefficient.

Circulating tumor-derived DNA (ctDNA) is an emerging biomarker for many cancers, but the limited sensitivity of current detection methods reduces its utility for diagnosing minimal residual disease. Here we describe phased variant enrichment and detection sequencing (PhasED-seq), a method that uses multiple somatic mutations in individual DNA fragments to improve the sensitivity of ctDNA detection. Leveraging whole-genome sequences from 2,538 tumors, we identify phased variants and their associations with mutational signatures. We show that even without molecular barcodes, the limits of detection of PhasED-seq outperform prior methods, including duplex barcoding, allowing ctDNA detection in the ppm range in participant samples. We profiled 678 specimens from 213 participants with B cell lymphomas, including serial cell-free DNA samples before and during therapy for diffuse large B cell lymphoma. In participants with undetectable ctDNA after two cycles of therapy using a next-generation sequencing-based approach termed cancer personalized profiling by deep sequencing, an additional 25% have ctDNA detectable by PhasED-seq and have worse outcomes. Finally, we demonstrate the application of PhasED-seq to solid tumors. The sensitivity of circulating tumor DNA detection is improved by identifying sequences with two or more mutations.

Patients with minimal residual disease who received a cord-blood transplant had a higher probability of survival than those receiving a transplant from mismatched unrelated donors and a lower risk of relapse than those receiving a transplant from matched or mismatched unrelated donors. The preferred donor for patients who are in need of an allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplant remains an HLA-identical sibling. Such a donor is not available for the majority (approximately 70%) of patients, and alternative donor sources are necessary. 1 At the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, the first alternative choice for patients who do not have an HLA-identical sibling has been an unrelated donor who has been matched with the patient at the allele level for HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DQB1 (a so-called 10/10 match, or an HLA-matched unrelated donor). However, approximately 50% of white patients who do not have an . . .

Genetic testing is crucial for precision cancer medicine. However, detecting multiple same-site insertions or deletions (indels) is challenging. Here, we introduce CoHIT (Cas12a-based One-for-all High-speed Isothermal Test), a one-pot CRISPR-based assay for indel detection. Leveraging an engineered AsCas12a protein variant with high mismatch tolerance and broad PAM scope, CoHIT can use a single crRNA to detect multiple NPM1 gene c.863_864 4-bp insertions in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). After optimizing multiple parameters, CoHIT achieves a detection limit of 0.01% and rapid results within 30 minutes, without wild-type cross-reactivity. It successfully identifies NPM1 mutations in 30 out of 108 AML patients and demonstrates potential in monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD) through continuous sample analysis from three patients. The CoHIT method is also competent for detecting indels of KIT , BRAF , and EGFR genes. Integration with lateral flow test strips and microfluidic chips highlights CoHIT’s adaptability and multiplexing capability, promising significant advancements in clinical cancer diagnostics. Genetic testing is crucial for precision cancer medicine. Here, the authors develop a one-pot ERA-CRISPR assay to detect variable same-site indels, using an engineered AsCas12a variant with improved mismatch tolerance and broadened PAM scope.

Among patients with relapsed myeloma, median progression-free survival was approximately 3 years with a regimen including belantamab mafodotin, as compared with 13 months with a regimen including an anti-CD38 antibody.