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The effects of muscle blood flow restriction during running training on measures of aerobic capacity and run time to exhaustion
Purpose
Training with blood flow restriction (BFR) is known to enhance muscle mass and strength during resistance training activities. However, little is known about the BFR effects during aerobic training. This investigation examines the effects of running training performed with or without BFR on physiology and performance.
Method
Sixteen subjects (age 24.9 ± 6.9 years, height 172.9 ± 7.8 cm, weight 75.1 ± 13.8 kg) were assigned to a BFR or control (CON) group for eight sessions of training. Before and after training, subjects completed an incremental test to determine peak running velocity (PRV) maximal oxygen uptake (
V
˙
O
2
max
) and running economy (RE), followed by a time to exhaustion run (TTE) performed at PRV. Training for both groups consisted of progressively increasing volumes of 30-s repetitions completed at 80% of PRV.
Results
The BFR and CON groups reported gains (6.3 ± 3.5 vs 4.0 ± 3.3%) in
V
˙
O
2
max
following training with only trivial (ES = 0.18) differences between groups. Similarly, PRV and incremental test time increased in both training groups with a small (ES ~ 0.3) additional enhancement in favour of the BFR group. Running economy improved in the BFR group but not in CON (ES = 0.4). TTE also increased in both BFR (27 ± 9%) and CON groups (17 ± 6%) with a small (ES = 0.31) additional benefit in favour of the BFR group.
Conclusions
Using BFR during training appears to confer small but potentially worthwhile improvements in RE, PRV and TTE measures. The improvements following BFR training are likely due to muscular rather than cardiovascular function.
Journal Article
Runner's world race everything : how to conquer any race at any distance in any environment and have fun doing it
\"Millions of runners around the country are interested in special experiences, whether it means running a bucket-list event like the world's largest marathon (New York City), or competing in beautiful and challenging locales such as Rome or Death Valley. There is no one better to guide these runners than Bart Yasso. As Chief Running Officer at Runner's World, he's run more than 7,000 races, on all 7 continents, at every conceivable distance. Whether it's a 5K or half-marathon, he's done it all, and in Runner's World Race Everything he presents 50 of his favorite races. Yasso shares tips on how he trained, the particularities of each course, and what specific lessons he learned and insights he gleaned about how to run your best in each race. Bart will teach you how to train and what to do on race day to make the best use of your training. The book will give you everything you need to know to succeed at the most popular race distances, alongside Bart's one-of-a-kind advice on his experiences at popular destination races so you can be inspired to tackle running's signature events. You'll also learn Bart's methods for winning the greatest race of all--longevity--so that you can remain healthy, fit, and able to race for decades to come\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Swimming is superior to running in inducing physiological cardiac hypertrophy and enhancing myocardial performance
Aerobic exercise training (AET) can induce cardiac hypertrophy, but the specific adaptive response for different types of AET remains unclear. We evaluated nonsingular cardiac remodeling in rats through running (RT) and swimming (ST) training at approximately 75% of VO₂max. Male Wistar rats (8–10 weeks old; ~ 250 g) were divided into untrained (UT), RT, and ST groups. The RT and ST were performed five days a week, once daily for 60 min for eight weeks. Cardiopulmonary fitness was assessed by measuring maximal oxygen consumption and swimming time to exhaustion. Echocardiography evaluated left ventricular parameters, while myocardial mechanics were assessed through the papillary muscle. Histology and Western blotting were performed to evaluate cardiomyocyte size and proteins modulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K
110α
)/AKT1 signaling. Real-time PCR was used to assess the expression of genes and microRNAs involved in myocardial hypertrophy. Both AET protocols enhanced cardiopulmonary capacity, but only the ST group showed increased myocardial mass, cardiomyocyte growth, and LV cavity size, along with greater tension and papillary muscle shortening velocity. A more pronounced alteration in gene expression pattern for proteins modulating PI3K
110α
/AKT1 signaling was found in the ST group than in the RT group. A similar difference was also found for microRNA 1, 21, 27a, 124, and 144 expressions. ST is more effective than RT in inducing cardiac hypertrophy and enhancing contractility, linked to the PTEN-AKT-S6K1 pathway and increased expressions of microRNAs 1, 21, 27a, 124, and 144. Thus, ST is superior to RT for inducing physiological cardiac hypertrophy.
Journal Article
Repeated cold-water immersion improves autonomic cardiac modulation following five sessions of high-intensity interval exercise
PurposeThe study aimed to investigate the effect of repeated cold-water immersion (CWI) after high-intensity interval exercise sessions on cardiac-autonomic modulation, neuromuscular performance, muscle damage markers, and session internal load.MethodsTwenty-one participants underwent five sessions of high-intensity interval exercise (6–7 bouts of 2 min; pause of 2 min) over a two-week period. Participants were allocated randomly into either a group that underwent CWI (11-min; 11 °C) or a group that performed passive recovery after each exercise session. Before the exercise sessions were performed, countermovement jump (CMJ) and heart rate variability were recorded (i.e., rMSSD, low and high frequency power and its ratio, SD1 and SD2). Exercise heart rate was calculated by recording the area under the curve (AUC) response. Internal session load was evaluated 30 min after each session. Blood concentrations of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were analyzed before the first visit and 24 h after the last sessions.ResultsThe CWI group presented higher rMSSD than the control group at each time point (group-effect P = 0.037). The SD1 was higher in CWI group when compared to the control group following the last exercise session (interaction P = 0.038). SD2 was higher in CWI group compared to the control group at each time point (group-effect P = 0.030). Both groups presented equal CMJ performance (P > 0.05), internal load (group-effect P = 0.702; interaction P = 0.062), heart rate AUC (group-effect P = 0.169; interaction P = 0.663), and creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase blood concentrations (P > 0.05).ConclusionRepeated post-exercise CWI improves cardiac-autonomic modulation. However, no differences in neuromuscular performance, muscle damage markers, or session internal load were demonstrated between the groups.
Journal Article
Continuous Training with Running Line Improve Cardiovascular Endurance in Visually Impaired Athletes Totally Blind Classification
This research purpose was testing the application of continuous training with running line to improve cardiovascular endurance in visually impaired athletes classified as totally blind. Three male 100 m sprint athletes with visual impairment classified as totally blind National Paralympic Committee Indonesia aged 20-30 years and weighing 65.33±4.93 kg. A one group pre-post design was used in this experimental study. Each participant underwent 3 weekly sessions for 6 weeks of continuous training with a running line. The data collected were cardiovascular endurance data using distance-based walk and run tests. The results showed an increase in the average VO2max in visually impaired athletes after continuous training with running line, which was initially 47.36±2.40 ml/kg/min then increased to 50.66±1.65 ml/kg/min. There is a difference in VO2max of blind athletes between before and after continuous training with running line, with a value of tcount = 6.305 > ttable = 4.304. So it is concluded that continuous training with running line seems to be effective in increasing cardiovascular endurance in visually impaired athletes classified as totally blind, which is indicated by an increase in VO2max value of 6.98%.
Journal Article
Effects of 12-week combined interval running and resistance training on cardiac structure and performance in patients with type 1 diabetes
Background:
Exercise has been suggested to effectively improve cardiac performance in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) by enhancing the glycemic control. The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) effects of a 12-week combined interval running and resistance training (CIRRT) and (2) 1 month of detraining on cardiac structure and myocardial performance in adolescent males with T1D.
Methods:
A total of 72 participants, including 48 adolescent males with T1D (fasting blood glucose (FBG): 274.67 ± 52.99 mg/dL, age: 15.20 ± 1.78 years) and 24 healthy adolescents (FBG: 90.75 ± 5.47 mg/dL, age: 15.08 ± 1.67 years), were recruited to the study. Participants were allocated into diabetes exercise (DE), diabetes control (DC), and healthy controls (HC) groups. The DE group performed 12 weeks of a CIRRT program three times per week. Blood glucose profile, echocardiography (ECHO) indices, and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were measured pre- and post-intervention and following 1-month detraining period. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for pre- and post-intervention comparisons within the DE group and across the three study groups. Significance level was set at p < 0.05.
Results:
Exercise intervention resulted in decreased hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c% = Pre: 10.44 ± 2.03, Post: 9.38 ± 1.66, p < 0.05), FBG, left ventricular (LV) internal diameter, and both tricuspid and mitral deceleration time (DT) in the DE group. VO2peak, ejection fraction (EF% = Pre: 62.38 ± 1.6, Post: 64.08 ± 1.18, p < 0.05), fractional shortening, early tricuspid diastolic inflow E velocity, and tricuspid velocity during atrial contraction were also increased following the exercise training. HbA1c (Pre vs Follow-up: 9.83 ± 1.73, p < 0.05), EF (Pre vs Follow-up: 62.97 ± 1.56, p < 0.05), LV, and DT tricuspid remained significantly improved after detraining period compared to the baseline. In the baseline, the glycemic index and ECHO variable significantly differed in the DE and DC groups with the HC group (p < 0.05). However, after the intervention, the DC and HC groups did not change significantly (p > 0.05).
Conclusion:
The CIRRT intervention was associated with improved cardiac structure and performance in male adolescents with T1D potentially due to exercise-induced adaptations. Meanwhile, the results indicate that most cardiac morphological and functional changes are reversible following periods of inactivity in patients with T1D.
Journal Article