Journal Article

Swimming is superior to running in inducing physiological cardiac hypertrophy and enhancing myocardial performance

Yoshizaki, Amanda, Serra, Andrey Jorge, Martins, Flavia Leticia, Feliciano, Regiane Santos, Bocalini, Danilo Sales, Tucci, Paulo José Ferreira, Junior, Jose Antonio Silva, de Melo, Brunno Lemes, dos Santos, Mariana Teixeira, Santos, Luis Dos, Girardi, Adriana Castello Costa, Antonio, Ednei Luiz

2026

Overview

Aerobic exercise training (AET) can induce cardiac hypertrophy, but the specific adaptive response for different types of AET remains unclear. We evaluated nonsingular cardiac remodeling in rats through running (RT) and swimming (ST) training at approximately 75% of VO₂max. Male Wistar rats (8–10 weeks old; ~ 250 g) were divided into untrained (UT), RT, and ST groups. The RT and ST were performed five days a week, once daily for 60 min for eight weeks. Cardiopulmonary fitness was assessed by measuring maximal oxygen consumption and swimming time to exhaustion. Echocardiography evaluated left ventricular parameters, while myocardial mechanics were assessed through the papillary muscle. Histology and Western blotting were performed to evaluate cardiomyocyte size and proteins modulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K 110α )/AKT1 signaling. Real-time PCR was used to assess the expression of genes and microRNAs involved in myocardial hypertrophy. Both AET protocols enhanced cardiopulmonary capacity, but only the ST group showed increased myocardial mass, cardiomyocyte growth, and LV cavity size, along with greater tension and papillary muscle shortening velocity. A more pronounced alteration in gene expression pattern for proteins modulating PI3K 110α /AKT1 signaling was found in the ST group than in the RT group. A similar difference was also found for microRNA 1, 21, 27a, 124, and 144 expressions. ST is more effective than RT in inducing cardiac hypertrophy and enhancing contractility, linked to the PTEN-AKT-S6K1 pathway and increased expressions of microRNAs 1, 21, 27a, 124, and 144. Thus, ST is superior to RT for inducing physiological cardiac hypertrophy.

• Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group,Nature Portfolio
• Subject: 631/443/592/1540 / 631/443/592/75 / AKT protein / AKT1 protein / Animals / Biometrics / Cardiac physiology / Cardiomegaly - metabolism / Cardiomegaly - physiopathology / Cardiomegaly, Exercise-Induced / Cardiomyocytes / Echocardiography / Exercise / Fitness training programs / Gene expression / Heart / Heart rate / Histology / Humanities and Social Sciences / Hypertrophy / Kinases / Male / MicroRNAs / MicroRNAs - genetics / MicroRNAs - metabolism / miRNA / multidisciplinary / Muscle contraction / Myocardial performance / Myocardium - metabolism / Myocardium - pathology / Myocytes, Cardiac - metabolism / Oxygen consumption / Physical Conditioning, Animal / Physical fitness / Physical training / Physiology / Proteins / Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt - metabolism / PTEN protein / Rats / Rats, Wistar / Running - physiology / Running training / Science / Science (multidisciplinary) / Signal Transduction / Swimming / Swimming - physiology / Swimming training / Western blotting