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Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. The saltwater fish powder is rich in omega3, vitamin D, and calcium which helps tooth amelogenesis. 2. LC50 Toxicity Test was carried out using zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) with negative control, positive control using 3,4-dichloroanilin, and treatment groups with saltwater fish powder solution in 6 different concentration. 3. No signs of zebrafish embryo mortality or developmental abnormalities on treatment group from the lowest (125μg/ml) nor highest concentration (4000μg/ml). 4. Saltwater fish powder has proven lack of toxicity. Abstract Many nutrients found in saltwater fish are thought to promote amelogenesis in ameloblast cells during tooth development. Although its toxicity is uncertain, saltwater fish powder provided benefits for amelogenesis. Zebrafish embryos have complex metabolic pathways and comprehensive physiological reactions. The LC50 toxicity of saltwater fish powder on zebrafish embryos was investigated in this study. The aim of the of the study is to determine the effect of LC50 toxicity on saltwater fish powder on zebrafish embryos. The experimental research method was a post-test-only control group design, consisting of eight groups, namely the negative control and the internal group using embryo media, the positive control using 3,4-dichloroanillin, and the treatment group 125μg / ml, 250μg / ml, 500μg / ml, 1000μg / ml, 2000μg / ml, and 4000μg / ml using 384 zebrafish embryos. Saltwater fish powder is diluted and observed for 96 hours, controlled every 24 hours. It was found that saltwater fish powder was not toxic because there were no dead zebrafish embryos from various concentrations, negative control, and internal control.

This important and informative new book outlines and discusses details of the basic principles and methods that are central to any study of fish condition, from a fish ecology and fisheries biology perspective. Condition and Health Indicators of Exploited Marine Fishes describes the potential capacities of condition indicators, providing examples showing the use of these indicators to solve practical problems in connection with fish ecology and fisheries research. By focusing on wild fish populations, the book complements the increasing number of scientific works that are contributing to show how fish condition studies are key to reveal problems in marine aquaculture, the effects of pollution, fish disease, and the importance of fish in human nutrition and medicine. Condition and Health Indicators of Exploited Marine Fishes provides a comprehensive introduction to the study of fish condition that will assist advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers and professionals, working in marine ecology and biology, fisheries biology, environmental sciences and fish pathology. All universities and research establishments where biological and environmental sciences, fisheries and aquaculture are studied and taught should have copies of this book on their shelves.

The aim of this review is to provide a review of the immune system in fish, including the ontogeny, mechanisms of unspecific and acquired immunity and the action of some immunomodulators. Fish rely on their innate immune system for an extended period of time, beginning at the early stages of embryogenesis. The components of the innate immune response are divided into physical, cellular and humoral factors and include humoral and cellular receptor molecules that are soluble in plasma and other body fluids. The lymphoid organs found in fish include the thymus, spleen and kidney. Immunoglobulins are the principal components of the immune response against pathogenic organisms. Immunomodulatory products, including nucleotides, glucans and probiotics, are increasingly used in aquaculture production. The use of these products reduces the need for therapeutic treatments, enhances the effects of vaccines and, in turn, improves the indicators of production.

This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of metals to the development of oxidative stress in fish. Metals are important inducers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms, promoting formation of reactive oxygen species through two mechanisms. Redox active metals generate reactive oxygen species through redox cycling, while metals without redox potential impair antioxidant defences, especially that of thiol-containing antioxidants and enzymes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species lead to oxidative damage including lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA oxidation, and enzyme inactivation. Antioxidant defences include the enzyme system and low molecular weight antioxidants. Metal-binding proteins, such as ferritin, ceruloplasmin and metallothioneins, have special functions in the detoxification of toxic metals and also play a role in the metabolism and homeostasis of essential metals. Recent studies of metallothioneins as biomarkers indicate that quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of metallothionein genes can be appropriate in cases with elevated levels of metals and no evidence of oxidative damage in fish tissue. Components of the antioxidant defence are used as biochemical markers of oxidative stress. These markers may be manifested differently in the field than in results found in laboratory studies. A complex approach should be taken in field studies of metal contamination of the aquatic environment.

We describe a case of a young male who presented to the emergency department with unilateral eye pain, blurred vision, conjunctival injection, and ocular pH of 9, one day after direct ocular exposure to palytoxin (PTX) from coral in a home saltwater fish tank. Although uncommon, ocular PTX toxicity is a potentially vision-threatening condition that requires prompt recognition. This case report documents the successful management of presumed ocular PTX exposure and suggests additional workup and treatment considerations for future patients.

A revelatory look at the secrets of marine fish migration. Not since F. R. Harden Jones published his masterwork on fish migration in 1968 has a book so thoroughly demystified the subject. With stunning clarity, David Hallock Secor's Migration Ecology of Fishes finally penetrates the clandestine nature of marine fish migration. Secor explains how the four decades of research since Jones's classic have employed digital-age technologies—including electronic miniaturization, computing, microchemistry, ocean observing systems, and telecommunications—that render overt the previously hidden migration behaviors of fish. Emerging from the millions of observed, telemetered, simulated, and chemically traced movement paths is an appreciation of the individual fish. Members of the same populations may stay put, explore, delay, accelerate, evacuate, and change course as they conditionally respond to their marine existence. But rather than a morass of individual behaviors, Secor shows us that populations are collectively organized through partial migration, which causes groups of individuals to embark on very different migration pathways despite being members of the same population. Case studies throughout the book emphasize how migration ecology confounds current fisheries management. Yet, as Secor explains, conservation frameworks that explicitly consider the influence of migration on yield, stability, and resilience outcomes have the potential to transform fisheries management. A synthetic treatment of all marine fish taxa (teleosts and elasmobranchs), this book employs explanatory frameworks from avian and systems ecology while arguing that migrations are emergent phenomena, structured through schooling, phenotypic plasticity, and other collective agencies. The book provides overviews of the following concepts: • The comparative movement ecology of fishes and birds • The alignment of mating systems with larval dispersal • Schooling and migration as adaptations to marine food webs • Natal homing • Connectivity in populations and metapopulations • The contribution of migration ecology to population resilience

The life cycles of fishes are complex and varied, and knowledge of the early life stages is important for understanding the biology, ecology, and evolution of fishes. InEarly Life History of Marine Fishes,Bruce S. Miller and Arthur W. Kendall Jr., bring together in a single reference much of the research available and its application to fishery science-knowledge increasingly important because for most fishes, adult populations are determined at the earliest stages of life. Clear and well written, this book offers expert guidance on how to collect and analyze larval fish data and on how this information is interpreted by applied fish biologists and fisheries managers.

A characteristic feature of fish is the wide physiological range of blood parameters and also the large individual variations. The aim of this study was to compare the haematological profile, glucose and lactate levels of four teleost fish species (Gobius niger, Mugil cephalus, Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax) and to establish the similarities and differences between these species which are widely present in the Tyrrhenian Sea. To this end, glucose, lactate and complete haematological profiles were determined for 25 fish from each species. Statistical analysis confirmed statistical differences in blood parameters among the four species. Our findings show a lower level of glucose and higher levels of lactate, red blood cells and haemoglobin in M. cephalus with respect to the other species. White blood cell and thrombocyte counts have the same trend and result higher in S. aurata. The differences found in this study can be attributed to the feeding behaviour, life style and adaptation of the different fish species to the habitat in which they dwell.