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Background Salt Overly Sensitive 1 ( SOS1 ), a plasma membrane Na + /H + exchanger, is essential for plant salt tolerance. Salt damage is a significant abiotic stress that impacts plant species globally. All living organisms require copper (Cu), a necessary micronutrient and a protein cofactor for many biological and physiological processes. High Cu concentrations, however, may result in pollution that inhibits the growth and development of plants. The function and production of mangrove ecosystems are significantly impacted by rising salinity and copper contamination. Results A genome-wide analysis and bioinformatics techniques were used in this study to identify 20 SOS1 genes in the genome of Kandelia obovata . Most of the SOS1 genes were found on the plasma membrane and dispersed over 11 of the 18 chromosomes. Based on phylogenetic analysis, KoSOS1s can be categorized into four groups, similar to Solanum tuberosum . Kandelia obovata's SOS1 gene family expanded due to tandem and segmental duplication. These SOS1 homologs shared similar protein structures, according to the results of the conserved motif analysis. The coding regions of 20 KoSOS1 genes consist of amino acids ranging from 466 to 1221, while the exons include amino acids ranging from 3 to 23. In addition, we found that the 2.0 kb upstream promoter region of the KoSOS1s gene contains several cis-elements associated with phytohormones and stress responses. According to the expression experiments, seven randomly chosen genes experienced up- and down-regulation of their expression levels in response to copper (CuCl 2 ) and salt stressors. Conclusions For the first time, this work systematically identified SOS1 genes in Kandelia obovata . Our investigations also encompassed physicochemical properties, evolution, and expression patterns, thereby furnishing a theoretical framework for subsequent research endeavours aimed at functionally characterizing the Kandelia obovata SOS1 genes throughout the life cycle of plants.

Paeonia ostii is a commercially important ornamental and traditional medicinal plant esteemed in China. Salt stress is a widespread abiotic stress that significantly affects plant growth and development, and moderate stress can significantly promote the synthesis of plant secondary metabolites, requiring clarification of its underlying molecular mechanisms. The Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) gene family is essential for salt stress tolerance, encoding Na + /H + antiporters that preserve ion homeostasis and reduce cellular damage. This study conducted an extensive genome-wide analysis of the SOS1 gene family in Paeonia ostii , encompassing gene identification, characterization, three-dimensional and secondary structure prediction, gene structure and motif analysis, multiple alignments, phylogenetic tree construction, chromosomal localization, cis-regulatory element analysis, synteny analysis, Ka/Ks calculation, and gene expression analysis under salt stress treatments in three cultivars. Our findings identified 19 SOS1 genes within the P. ostii genome, demonstrating unique structural and functional attributes. All SOS1 genes were located on the plasma membrane and distributed across five chromosomes and two scaffolds. The conserved motif analysis results indicated that the SOS1 homologs had comparable protein structures. The coding sections of 19 PoSOS1 genes comprise amino acid sequences varying from 455 to 859, whereas the exons encompass amino acids ranging from 3 to 20. Furthermore, we discovered that the 2.5 kb upstream promoter region of the PoSOS1s gene has many cis-elements linked to phytohormones and stress responses. The phylogenetic study categorized the PoSOS1 genes into three subfamilies. In total, 38 miRNAs that target 19 PoSOS1 genes from 18 distinct families were identified. Conversely, gene expression analysis revealed six differentially expressed SOS1 genes in three distinct cultivars subjected to salt stress, with all six genes down-regulated and only one gene up-regulated in the QF-230 cultivar after six days of salt stress. This study offers new insights into the SOS1 gene family in P. ostii , elucidating its function in salt stress tolerance and establishing a foundation for future research on the functional characterization of SOS1 genes in P. ostii .

Abstract This study explores the influence of salinity on some physiological and biochemical pathways of four facultative halophytes (Abutilon pannosum, Indigofera oblongifolia, Senna italica, and Tetraena coccinea) along the southwest coast of Jeddah Governorate. Through a comparative analysis of these plants in both saline and non-saline environments, the study investigates chlorophyll levels, ion concentrations within the plants, the correlation with the SOS1 gene, and the impact of salinity on metabolic compounds. The overarching goal is to gain insights into the adaptive mechanisms of these specific plants to salt stress, providing valuable information for addressing global agricultural challenges associated with salinity. Throughout the study, metabolic, ionic, and molecular responses of these plants were scrutinized in both environments. The findings revealed elevated levels of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in saline habitats, except for Na+ in I. oblongifolia. Despite increased concentrations of Chl b, variations were noted in Chl a and carotenoids in plants exposed to salt. Osmoregulatory patterns in A. pannosum and I. oblongifolia exhibited reversible changes, including heightened protein and proline levels in A. pannosum and decreased levels in I. oblongifolia, accompanied by alterations in amino acids and soluble carbohydrates. Senna italica displayed higher levels of osmolytes, excluding proline, compared to salinized environments, while T. coccinea exhibited lower levels of amino acids. The accumulation of Na+ emerged as the primary mechanism for ionic homeostasis in these plants, with non-significant decreases observed in K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Notably, an overexpression of the SOS1 gene (plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter) was observed as a response to maintaining ionic balance. Understanding these halophytes will be critical in addressing salinity challenges and enhancing crop tolerance to salinity. Resumo Este estudo explora a influência da salinidade em algumas vias fisiológicas e bioquímicas de quatro halófitas facultativas (Abutilon pannosum, Indigofera oblongifolia, Senna italica e Tetraena coccinea) ao longo da costa sudoeste da província de Jeddah. Através de uma análise comparativa dessas plantas em ambientes salinos e não salinos, o estudo investigou os níveis de clorofila, as concentrações de íons nas plantas, a correlação com o gene SOS1 e o impacto da salinidade nos compostos metabólicos. O objetivo geral consistiu em obter informações sobre os mecanismos adaptativos destas plantas específicas ao stress salino, fornecendo informações valiosas para enfrentar os desafios agrícolas globais associados à salinidade. Ao longo do estudo, as respostas metabólicas, iônicas e moleculares dessas plantas foram examinadas em ambos os ambientes. Os resultados revelaram níveis elevados de Na+, K+, Ca2+ e Mg2+ em habitats salinos, exceto Na+ em I. oblongifolia. Apesar do aumento das concentrações de Clorofila B (Chl), foram observadas variações em Chl a e carotenóides em plantas expostas ao sal. Os padrões osmorregulatórios em A. pannosum e I. oblongifolia exibiram alterações reversíveis, incluindo níveis elevados de proteína e prolina em A. pannosum e níveis diminuídos em I. oblongifolia, acompanhados por alterações em aminoácidos e carboidratos solúveis. Senna italica apresentou níveis mais elevados de osmólitos, excluindo prolina, em comparação com ambientes salinizados, enquanto T. coccinea exibiu níveis mais baixos de aminoácidos. O acúmulo de Na+ emergiu como o principal mecanismo para a homeostase iônica nessas plantas, com diminuições não significativas observadas em K+, Mg2+ e Ca2+. Notavelmente, uma superexpressão do gene SOS1 (antiportador Na+/H+ da membrana plasmática) foi observada como resposta à manutenção do equilíbrio iônico. Compreender estas halófitas será fundamental para enfrentar os desafios da salinidade e aumentar a tolerância das culturas à salinidade.

The WRKY transcription factor family is involved in responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. Its members contain a typical WRKY domain and can regulate plant physiological responses by binding to W-boxes in the promoter regions of downstream target genes. We identified the sweet sorghum SbWRKY50 (Sb09g005700) gene, which encodes a typical class II of the WRKY family protein that localizes to the nucleus and has transcriptional activation activity. The expression of SbWRKY50 in sweet sorghum was reduced by salt stress, and its ectopic expression reduced the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Compared with the wild type, the germination rate, root length, biomass and potassium ion content of SbWRKY50 over-expression plants decreased significantly under salt-stress conditions, while the hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and sodium ion contents increased. Real-time PCR results showed that the expression levels of AtSOS1, AtHKT1 and genes related to osmotic and oxidative stresses in over-expression strains decreased under salt-stress conditions. Luciferase complementation imaging and yeast one-hybrid assays confirmed that SbWRKY50 could directly bind to the upstream promoter of the SOS1 gene in A. thaliana. However, in sweet sorghum, SbWRKY50 could directly bind to the upstream promoters of SOS1 and HKT1. These results suggest that the new WRKY transcription factor SbWRKY50 participates in plant salt response by controlling ion homeostasis. However, the regulatory mechanisms are different in sweet sorghum and Arabidopsis, which may explain their different salt tolerance levels. The data provide information that can be applied to genetically modifying salt tolerance in different crop varieties.Key message(1) Sweet sorghum SbWRKY50 is negatively involved in salt response.(2) Over-expression of SbWRKY50 in A. thaliana affects plant growth, ROS and the ion contents.(3) SbWRKY50 could directly bind to the upstream promoter of the SOS1 gene in A. thaliana and the promoter of SOS1 and HKT1 in sweet sorghum.

Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) is one of the members of the Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) signaling pathway and plays critical salt tolerance determinant in plants, while the characterization of the SOS1 family in potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) is lacking. In this study, 37 StSOS1s were identified and found to be unevenly distributed across 10 chromosomes, with most of them located on the plasma membrane. Promoter analysis revealed that the majority of these StSOS1 genes contain abundant cis -elements involved in various abiotic stress responses. Tissue specific expression showed that 21 of the 37 StSOS1s were widely expressed in various tissues or organs of the potato. Molecular interaction network analysis suggests that 25 StSOS1s may interact with other proteins involved in potassium ion transmembrane transport, response to salt stress, and cellular processes. In addition, collinearity analysis showed that 17, 8, 1 and 5 of orthologous StSOS1 genes were paired with those in tomato, pepper, tobacco, and Arabidopsis, respectively. Furthermore, RT-qPCR results revealed that the expression of StSOS1s were significant modulated by various abiotic stresses, in particular salt and abscisic acid stress. Furthermore, subcellular localization in Nicotiana benthamiana suggested that StSOS1-13 was located on the plasma membrane. These results extend the comprehensive overview of the StSOS1 gene family and set the stage for further analysis of the function of genes in SOS and hormone signaling pathways.

causes severe Fusarium wilt in the potato ( group ) annually around the world. As an Na /H antiporter, SOS1, a member of the salt oversensitive (SOS) signaling pathway plays important role in salt tolerance, but its function in plant disease resistance has been less studied. The function of the potato gene ( ) responding to the infection was researched by gain- and loss-of-function assays. StSOS1-13-overexpressed Arabidopsis differed from WT plants in multiple aspects post- infection. It exhibited less ROS accumulation and cell necrosis in leaves, higher SOD and CAT activities accompanied by reduced MDA content, enhanced root development, increased tolerance to infection, and an accelerated leaf stomatal closure rate along with a reduced stomatal aperture area. Additionally, the ectopic overexpression of in Arabidopsis induced down-regulation of . Conversely, silencing the ortholog gene in showed more accumulation of ROS, serious cell necrosis, reduced activities of SOD and CAT, significantly increased MDA level, obvious leaf wilting, decreased tolerance to infection, and reduced leaf stomatal closure rate and accelerated stomatal area. Furthermore, the expression of SA and JA response-related genes ( and ) was up-regulated in -silenced plants. These findings suggest that StSOS1-13 may serve as a key hub in the immune response to FOX infection by enhancing the antioxidant defense system, promoting root development to improve water uptake, facilitating leaf stomatal closure to minimize water loss through evaporation, and associating with the SA and JA signaling pathways.

Many soils face dual challenges of cadmium (Cd) contamination and salinization. However, the response of crops, especially wheat, to combined Cd and salinity stress is not understood. Here, wheat was grown in a hydroponic model for 14 days under single and combined Cd and NaCl stresses. Growth parameters, tissue Cd 2+ and Na + contents, and leaf chlorophyll (Chl), O2 •− , and MDA levels were determined. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of the leaves were performed. The results showed that combined stress had a greater inhibitory effect on Chl contents and generated more O2 •− and MDA, resulting in more severe wheat growth retardation than those under Cd or NaCl stress. Stress-induced decrease in Chl levels may be attributed to the inhibition of Chl biosynthesis, activation of Chl degradation, or a decline in glutamate content. Cd addition weakened the promotional effect of NaCl on SOS1 gene expression, thereby increasing the Na + content. Contrastingly, NaCl supplementation downregulated the Nramp and ZIP gene expressions related to Cd uptake and transport, thereby impeding Cd 2+ accumulation. All stresses enhanced tryptophan content via promoting tryptophan biosynthesis. Meanwhile, Cd and NaCl stresses activated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and purine metabolism, respectively, thereby increasing the levels of caffeic acid, fumaric acid, and uric acid. Activating the TCA cycle was important in the wheat’s response to combined stress. Additionally, NaCl and combined stresses affected starch and sucrose metabolism, resulting in sucrose and trehalose accumulation. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the response of wheat to the combined Cd and salinity stress.

This study aimed to investigate salt stress response mechanisms of Turkish emmer ( Triticum dicoccum Schrank) under in vitro conditions in terms of certain reference genes such as SOS1 and SERK1 and physiological parameters associated with salt stress. We determined the expression level of SOS1 and SERK1 genes in response to salinity stress and we investigated the changes in the contents of osmolytes such as proline and soluble sugar, and certain oxidative parameters such as H 2 O 2 , and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the callus tissues under different salt concentrations (50, 150, and 200 mM NaCl). The results indicated that the calli of both cultivars decreased SOS1 gene expression in response to the low salt doses. Both cultivars increased SERK1 gene expression in response to the salt doses; with only one difference, Carcioglu has succeeded this in low salt and Durakli in high salt such as 250 mM. The Carcioglu cultivar responded to salt stress better than the Durakli cultivar in terms of increasing proline content. The salt applications generally decreased soluble sugar content in the callus cultures of both cultivars and the decreases were more prominent in the Durakli cultivar. Carcioglu decreased H 2 O 2 and MDA contents at especially 150 mM salt while the Durakli cultivar failed to reduce their contents in any of the salt doses studied. The findings obtained from gene expressions and physiological parameters support each other, it can be suggested that the Carcioglu cultivar has a higher response to salt stress than the Durakli cultivar.

The RASopathies are a group of disorders resulting from a germline variant in the genes encoding the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These disorders include Noonan syndrome (NS), cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), Costello syndrome (CS), Legius syndrome (LS), and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), and have overlapping clinical features due to RAS/MAPK dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to describe the clinical and molecular features of patients exhibiting phenotypic manifestations consistent with RASopathies. The study included 149 patients from 146 unrelated families who were admitted between 2019 and 2023 with a clinical suspicion of RASopathy spectrum disorder. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients at the time of the diagnosis were obtained from hospital records. Variant analysis of twenty-four RASopathy genes was performed using a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel, and the variants were classified according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Standards and Guidelines recommendations. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were detected in 39 out of 149 patients (26.1%). Thirty-two patients were diagnosed as NS (32/39; 82%). The variants detected in NS patients were PTPN11 (21/32; 65.6%), LZTR1 (3/32; 9.3%), SOS1 (2/32; 6.2%), RAF1 (2/32; 6.2%), RIT1 (2/32; 6.2%), KRAS (1/32; 3.1%), and RRAS (1/32; 3.1%) genes, respectively. The remaining patients were diagnosed with CS (2/39; 5.1%), NF1 (2/39; 5.1%), NF-NS (2/39; 5.1%), and CFC (1/39; 2.5%). We observed rare clinical findings including lymphangioma circumscriptum, Meckel’s diverticulum, and omphalocele in three patients with PTPN11 gene variations. Additionally, we detected corpus callosum thickness in a patient with the SOS1 gene variant, which has not been previously described in NS. We also identified three novel variants in RIT1 , BRAF , and NF1 genes. Conclusion : In this study, we described rare clinical manifestations and detected three novel variants in NF1 , BRAF , and RIT1 genes. We propose that NGS technology enables the detection of variants in rare genes responsible for the etiology of RASopathies. The study, therefore, not only contributes to the existing literature but also expands the spectrum of genotype and phenotype of RASopathies. What is Known: •  RASopathies are a group of disorders caused by germline variants in genes involved in the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (RAS/MAPK) pathway. •  These disorders, including Noonan syndrome (NS), Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), Costello syndrome (CS), Legius syndrome, and Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), share overlapping clinical features due to RAS/MAPK dysfunction. Molecular diagnosis of RASopathies is crucial for understanding the genetic basis and guiding clinical management, although the phenotype-genotype relationships remain incompletely defined. What is New: •  This study provides new insights into the molecular and clinical characteristics of RASopathies by examining 149 patients from 146 families, with a focus on the genetic variants found in 24 RASopathy-related genes. Three novel variants were identified in the RIT1, BRAF, and NF1 genes, expanding the genetic spectrum of RASopathies. •  Additionally, rare clinical findings, such as lymphangioma circumscriptum and corpus callosum thickness, were reported in patients with PTPN11 and SOS1 gene variations, respectively. These observations contribute new phenotypic data to the existing body of knowledge.