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This paper builds on a long-standing and well-articulated science, technology, innovation and knowledge (STIK) partnership between Canada and South Africa. It provides an historical overview of the origins and development of the STIK partnership since 1994 with the early efforts of Canada's International Development Research Centre and the new ANC government in framing a green and white paper for South Africa's national science and technology policy. It suggests an opportunity within the context of the G7 and G20 Summits being hosted by Canada and South Africa, respectively, in 2025, and argues for enhanced research opportunities in science diplomacy and science policy exchanges.

The “policy mix” concept has gained popularity among science, technology and innovation policy communities over the past two decades in a context of growing policy complexity and need for policy evidence. Pressing societal challenges are also prompting governments to rethink policy making in order to better align public intervention across policy domains and leverage the transformative potential of system innovations. Governments faced multiple obstacles in implementing a policy mix approach in policy making and evaluation. Based on a comparative analysis of international STI policy repositories, a conceptual framework is proposed, as well as structuring principles and operational guidelines for mapping the composition of a policy mix, identifying interactions among components and translating the mapping into measurement. In that view, a range of new policy mix metrics is introduced. Finally, the discussion focuses on the need for moving towards a new data management paradigm and enlarging the measurement mix.

This paper aims to examine the regulatory framework for funding innovation and science research in Indonesia, with a specific focus on the 2019 National Science and Technology System Law implementation. Through a directed qualitative content analysis of sixteen national laws, the present study identifies various shortcomings and fragmentation of governance frameworks, instruments, public-private partnerships (PPPs), and outcome-based performance assessment mechanisms. The paper highlights important shortcomings like the lack of thorough integration of innovative funding mechanisms and homogeneous performance assessment frameworks with an orientation towards outputs. Relying on international policy reports—including the OECD's and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa's—as well as supported by corresponding academic scholarship, the study identifies the necessity for adopting performance assessments with an orientation towards outputs, regulatory harmonization, as well as enhanced policy coherence between the federal government and regional administrations. This study concludes with strategic recommendations with a view towards enhancing the effectiveness, transparency, and inclusiveness of Indonesia's innovation and science funding framework. These recommendations include enhancing coordination across multiple ministries, expanding the reach of output-based funding schemes, adopting a national PPP framework, and introducing a matching fund scheme for linking efforts between federal and local governments.

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed structural weaknesses in health systems, economies, and governance frameworks, while simultaneously stimulating diverse forms of social innovation. This article examines the emergence and operation of Social Innovation Ecosystems (SIEs) during the crisis, drawing on a qualitative review of experiences from 34 countries. The objective is to analyze how these ecosystems were configured, the mechanisms that enabled their continuity, and the implications for the design of innovation policies. The findings highlight three main dimensions through which SIEs were mobilized: governance arrangements, digital platforms, and community resilience. These ecosystems brought together civil society, academia, government, and, in a more limited role, private-sector organizations, providing adaptive responses to urgent needs while also revealing challenges to their institutional consolidation. Conceptually, the article advances understanding of SIEs as experimental arrangements with potential to contribute to socio-technical transitions when embedded in inclusive policy frameworks. From a policy perspective, the study underlines the importance of flexible funding instruments, adaptive governance mechanisms, and collaborative infrastructures that integrate social innovation as a central component of regional and sustainable development.

This paper discusses the role of higher education institutions within the framework of the knowledge triangle between academic education, scientific research and innovation, as it has gained importance in recent years as a framework for innovation policies especially in the OECD and Europe. First, complementary concepts of universities’ outreach activities and extended role model such as ‘third mission’, ‘triple helix’, ‘entrepreneurial or civic university’ models and ‘smart specialization’ are reflected against their fit with the concept of the knowledge triangle, also with respect to new requirements for university governance. Second, a new understanding of spillovers between public sectors research and the business sector according to knowledge triangle is presented.

This paper looks into the determinants of national innovation performance from the perspective of policy regime and establishes a theoretical model on how a country’s dual Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy regimes, democratic and meritocratic, and national absorptive capacity (NAC) jointly determine its national innovation performance. A democratic STI policy regime promotes innovation through channels of freedom, social equality, and public participation. A meritocratic STI policy regime promotes innovation through channels of good governance and rational policymaking. The model further proposes that the relationships between STI policy regimes and national innovation performance are moderated by potential NAC (PNAC) and realized NAC (RNAC) in opposing directions. The fixed-effects panel regression of OECD countries confirms that both democratic and meritocratic STI policy regimes have positive effects on national innovation performance. Moreover, the democratic effect is positively moderated by PNAC but negatively moderated by RNAC. In contrast, the meritocratic effect is positively moderated by RNAC but negatively moderated by PNAC. The major contribution of this paper is to highlight the importance of a country’s STI policy regimes as the bedrock and NAC as the leverage to generate more homegrown innovations.

This study investigates the territorial impact of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy on regional scientific productivity in Colombia, focusing on key indicators, such as research output, research group and researcher density, GDP contribution, per capita income, innovation index, and labor productivity. The analysis reveals significant disparities: Bogotá-Cundinamarca, Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, and Santander concentrate 60.5% of research groups and 63.5% of researchers, while the remaining 28 departments hold only 39.5 and 36.5%, respectively. These imbalances reflect structural inequities in funding allocation, institutional development, and knowledge production capacity. In response, the study proposes a five-stage methodological framework comprising resource diagnostics, strategic planning, institutional capacity building, implementation of sustainable innovations, and monitoring through tailored Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). This framework offers a replicable, data-driven tool for reducing regional asymmetries, strengthening research ecosystems, and promoting inclusive, innovation-based development in structurally constrained regions. By adopting this model, policymakers can design targeted interventions that align scientific output with broader goals of equity, competitiveness, and long-term sustainability.

Historically, the formulation of science, technology, and innovation policy (STIP) has exhibited a predominantly male perspective, neglecting the critical examination and measurement of gender bias and inequitable educational practices. These two factors significantly contribute to the underrepresentation of women and gender minorities in STIP frameworks. This pervasive global issue potentially hinders innovation within crucial sectors, particularly in addressing pressing challenges such as the coronavirus disease pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19) and climate change. To address this concern comprehensively, a simplified classification framework is proposed to assess gender bias and inequitable education, which consistently emerge as key factors across nations, leading to the lack of consideration of women and gender minorities in STIP. Despite the inherent complexities of the social sciences, leveraging these two well-established variables as foundational starting points can foster an iterative process tailored to each country’s context. Such a system has the potential to ameliorate the existing disparity, while concurrently striving to achieve gender parity within the STI landscape. Plain Language Summary Mapping out a fairer future: Addressing gender equality in science, technology, and innovation policy (STIP) In the sector of science, technology, and innovation policy (STIP), there’s been a long-standing issue: this field has mostly been shaped by men’s perspectives. This has led to not paying enough attention to how biases against women and gender minorities, as well as inequitable educational practices, keep these groups from being fully included and considered in STIP. This exclusion is a significant problem globally and can slow down progress in tackling major challenges like pandemics and climate change, as well as hinder innovation. To tackle this issue head-on, a new, straightforward way of identifying and measuring these biases and educational inequalities is being suggested. This approach focuses on identifying and addressing gender bias and unfair education, which are common problems worldwide that prevent women and gender minorities from participating fully in STIP. By starting with these two well-understood issues, we can create a process that can be adjusted for each country’s specific circumstances. This method aims to reduce the current gaps and work toward equal representation of all genders in STIP.

ABSTRACT Context: dynamic and productive linkages between research organizations (ROs) and industry are actively spurred in advanced nations. Conversely, Latin American countries face significant challenges in fostering research-industry interactions. Solid models of research-industry cooperation are of particular interest to emerging economies such as Brazil. Objective: this article aims at presenting a comprehensive study of the Brazilian Agency for Industrial Research and Innovation - Embrapii, an entity focused on addressing barriers to cooperation between research ROs and companies. Methods: data from 63 projects supported by Embrapii involving three ROs and 44 companies was collected employing four sources of primary data: two web questionnaires, interviews and technical visits. The scope of the study is based on Embrapii’s initial phase carried out during 2012-2016. Results: findings revealed that specificities of the model allow the emergence of conditions for effective research-industry cooperation. Conclusion: The Embrapii’s model contributed to overcoming both orientation-related and transaction-related barriers, resulting in positive outcomes. Expected technological results such as new products, processes, and methodologies, were achieved in the majority of projects. RESUMO Contexto: observa-se atualmente grande estímulo ao estabelecimento de interações entre organizações de pesquisa e indústria em países desenvolvidos. Em países da América Latina, este estímulo é acompanhado de desafios significativos. Países emergentes como é o caso do Brasil, tem particular interesse em conhecer e implementar modelos efetivos de interação pesquisa-indústria. Objetivo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa e Inovação Industrial - Embrapii, uma entidade orientada ao fomento de relações entre organizações de pesquisa e empresas. Métodos: a pesquisa envolveu a coleta de dados de 63 projetos apoiados pela Embrapii durante sua fase piloto (entre 2012 e 2016) envolvendo três organizações de pesquisa e 44 empresas. Foram empregados quatro instrumentos de coleta de dados: dois questionários, entrevistas e visitas técnicas. Resultados: achados da pesquisa indicaram que as especificidades do modelo Embrapii permitiram a emergência de condições para uma interação pesquisa-indústria efetiva. Conclusão: o modelo Embrapii contribuiu para a superação de barreiras de orientação e de transação na interação pesquisa-indústria, apresentando bons resultados. Efeitos na geração de novas tecnologias, como novos produtos, processos e metodologias foram alcançados na maioria dos projetos.

This paper discusses the concept of the knowledge triangle (hereafter ‘KT’), as it has gained importance in recent years as a framework for innovation policies especially in OECD countries, especially Europe. The concept has gained popularity because it emphasizes an integrated (‘systemic’) approach on the interlinkages between research, education and innovation. In this article, we highlight the key features of this concept and try to contextualize it with other, at times overlapping, at times complementary, concepts, such as the ‘third mission’, ‘triple helix’ (or in an extended understanding, the ‘quadruple helix’), ‘entrepreneurial or civic university’ models and ‘smart specialization’. Against this background we seek to analyze the roles, rationalities and challenges of different actors that are involved in activities relating to each of the three spheres of the triangle. Actors are first and foremost higher education institutions (HEIs), public authorities, research and technology institutes and private sector companies.