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"Simultaneous interpreting."
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Sztuczna inteligencja w kabinie. Tłumaczenie symultaniczne w kontekście rozwoju technologii
The article discusses the use of technology in simultaneous interpreting, with a focus on artificial intelligence (AI) and its impact on the professional practice of interpreters. It first focuses on remote simultaneous interpreting (RSI), which has become widespread as conferences were held predominantly online during the pandemic. Previously marginalized, RSI has gained prominence, contributing to more research on its effectiveness and technical challenges, such as reduced sound quality, increased cognitive load and difficulties in communicating between booth partners. The author then discusses computer-assisted interpreting tools that are used in the preparation stage and when interpreting in the booth. As these technologies are AI-powered, they enable speech recognition, automatic glossary creation and on-screen display of transcriptions and terminology. Studies show that such support significantly reduces cognitive load and improves interpreting accuracy. The article also describes machine interpreting, which is still at an early stage of development. Despite technological advancement, machine interpreting suffers from error propagation and difficulties in recognizing context and non-verbal signals. However, the author predicts that such interpreting will be used increasingly in contexts with a low risk of error. The article also outlines future scenarios: we can expect that the use of AI in interpreting will become standard, which prompts reflection on the future of the profession and poses new questions for interpreting studies.
Journal Article
From the Booth to the Cloud – Didactic Observations on Simultaneous Interpreting
The present study includes observations on on-site (OSI) ans remote (RSI) simultaneous interpreting approached from two perspectives, that of an interpreter and that of a professor. Having taught this audiovisual translation mode for two decades while periodically doing simultaneous interpreting for equally long, I have noticed the added challenges following the 2020 COVID pandemic which have led to an imbalanced adaptation: as a simultneous interpeter, I had to learn rapidly from each obstacle faced when thrown into Remote simultaneous interpreting (RSI), while my teaching approach was informed by my experience. Given that technological advancements take the job market by storm, training in remote simultaneous interpreting need to keep up by focusing on raising awareness of the differences which increase the difficulty of remote oral transfer.
Journal Article
Norms in English-to-Chinese Live Broadcast Simultaneous Interpreting: A Case Study on the 2020 United States Vice-presidential Debate
With the development of Omni-media, live broadcast simultaneous interpreting (LBSI) has brought new challenges and opportunities for interpreters, scholars, and trainers. The characteristics of LBSI are high exposure rate, high audience expectations, unfriendly working environments and single-way communication. This study aims to conduct an analysis of the English-to-Chinese LBSI taking place in the 2020 U.S. Vice-presidential Debate by adopting the framework of Descriptive Study of Norms in Interpreting and then summarize the norms of LBSI from inter-textual, intra-textual, and extra-textual perspectives. This research contributes to the academic discourse by filling a gap in the literature on live broadcast interpreting, particularly in high-stakes political events. By examining the unique challenges of LBSI, it intends to equip interpreters with the necessary skills and strategies to manage high-pressure situations. Besides, this research endeavours to provide a deeper understanding of interpreting behaviour and activities influenced by various factors and enrich the study of fundamental sociocultural aspects in simultaneous interpreting and interpretation norms.
Journal Article
Interpreting in the Zone
Successful interpretation can feel seamless, an intuitive and
efficient translation of meaning from one signed or spoken language
to another. Yet the process of interpretation is actually quite
complex and relies upon myriad components ranging from preparation
to experience to honed judgment. Interpreting in the zone,
instinctively and confidently, is an energizing, encompassing
experience that results in great satisfaction and top
performance-but what does it take to get there? Jack Hoza's newest
research examines the components that enable interpreters to
perform successfully, looking at literature in interpretation,
cognitive science, education, psychology, and neuroscience, as well
as reviewing the results of two qualitative studies he conducted.
He seeks to uncover what it means to interpret in the zone by
understanding exactly how the brain works in interpretation
scenarios. He explores a range of dichotomies that influence
interpretation outcomes, such as:
Intuition vs. rational thought
Left brain vs. right brain
Explicit vs. implicit learning
Novice vs. master
Spoken vs. signed languages
Emotion vs. reasoning
Cognitive processes such as perception, short-term memory, and
reflexivity are strong factors in driving successful interpretation
and are explored along with habits, behaviors, and learned
strategies that can help or hinder interpretation skills. Hoza also
considers the importance of professional development and
collaboration with other practitioners in order to continually hone
expertise. Interpreting in the Zone shows that cognitive
research can help us better understand the intricacies of the
interpreting process and has implications for how to approach the
interpreting task. This resource will be of value to both the
interpreter-in-training as well as the seasoned practitioner.
eBook
New insights in the history of interpreting
Who mediated intercultural exchanges in 9th-century East Asia or in early voyages to the Americas? Did the Soviets or the Americans invent simultaneous interpreting equipment? How did the US government train its first Chinese interpreters? Bringing together papers from an international symposium held at Rikkyo University in 2014 along with two select pieces, this volume pursues such questions in an exploration of the practice of interpreting, the recruitment of interpreters, and the challenges interpreters have faced in diplomacy, colonization, religion, war, and occupation. It also introduces innovative use of photography, artifacts, personal journals, and fiction as tools for the historical study of interpreters and interpreting. Targeted at practitioners, scholars, and students of interpreting, translation, and history, the new insights presented aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history.
eBook
Challenges in Interpreting English Passive Voice Into Arabic: A Study of Student Performance and Training Needs in Simultaneous Interpretation
This study examines the significant challenges faced by Arabic-speaking student interpreters in rendering English passive voice constructions into Arabic during simultaneous interpretation. Due to structural and functional disparities between the two languages, particularly the rarity of passive constructions and explicit agentive phrases in Arabic, interpreting the English passive voice presents substantial obstacles. The research aims to identify the specific errors committed by interpreting students and the strategies they employ to navigate these linguistic complexities. To achieve these objectives, a mixed-methods approach was adopted. A corpus was compiled from the simultaneous interpretations of 30 interpreting students. Participants were divided into two groups of 15, each tasked with interpreting one of two political speeches delivered by former U.S. President Barack Obama, carefully edited to contain a high density of passive constructions. The interpretations were recorded using the SANAKO Lab 100 system, transcribed, and analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively using Schjoldager’s (1996) error analysis framework. The findings reveal that students struggled significantly with English passive constructions: most passive sentences were omitted entirely, and only 34% of them were adequately rendered. The most frequent errors included misinterpretations, deletion of the passive voice, unjustified changes, and unjustified omissions. Four primary strategies were identified in the students' renditions: passivization, passive with an agentive phrase, activization, and nominalization. This study contributes to the field of translation and interpreting studies by highlighting a key linguistic barrier in simultaneous interpreting training and offering insights for curriculum development.
Journal Article
Task-specific signatures in the expert brain: Differential correlates of translation and reading in professional interpreters
Insights on the neurocognitive particularities of expert individuals have benefited from language studies on professional simultaneous interpreters (PSIs). Accruing research indicates that behavioral advantages in this population are restricted to those skills that are directly taxed during professional practice (e.g., translation as opposed to reading), but little is known about the neural signatures of such selective effects. To illuminate the issue, we recruited 17 PSIs and 15 non-interpreter bilinguals and compared behavioral and electrophysiological markers of word reading and translation from and into their native and non-native languages (L1 and L2, respectively). PSIs exhibited greater delta-theta (1–8 Hz) power across all tasks over varying topographies, but these were accompanied by faster performance only in the case of translation conditions. Moreover, neural differences in PSIs were most marked for L2-L1 translation (the dominant interpreting direction in their market), which exhibited maximally widespread modulations that selectively correlated with behavioral outcomes. Taken together, our results suggest that interpreting experience involves distinct neural signatures across reading and translation mechanisms, but that these are systematically related with processing efficiency only in domains that face elevated demands during everyday practice (i.e., L2-L1 translation). These findings can inform models of simultaneous interpreting, in particular, and expert cognitive processing, in general.
Journal Article
Taxing the bilingual mind: Effects of simultaneous interpreting experience on verbal and executive mechanisms
This paper reviews the neurocognitive particularities of subjects with sustained experience in simultaneous interpreting, a highly demanding form of bilingual processing. The literature converges into three broad empirical patterns. First, significant neurocognitive differences, including behavioral enhancements in verbal and executive domains, are observable after only one or two years of training. Second, such effects, both in interpreting students and/or professional interpreters, seem robust for crucial linguistic (e.g., translation) and executive (e.g., working memory) aspects of the activity, but not for more marginally relevant ones (e.g., conflict resolution) – suggesting that they are non-generalizable beyond directly taxed functions. Third, though more tentatively, some of the observed verbal and executive effects seem to be mutually independent and uninfluenced by other bilingual-experience-related factors (e.g., L2 competence), which could highlight their distinctive relation with interpreting practice. In sum, this particular model of expertise sheds novel light on the adaptive capacity of cognitive systems in bilinguals.
Journal Article