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The present study evaluated whether fat mass assessment using the triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness provides additional prognostic value to the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) framework in patients with lung cancer (LC). We performed an observational cohort study including 2672 LC patients in China. Comprehensive demographic, disease and nutritional characteristics were collected. Malnutrition was retrospectively defined using the GLIM criteria, and optimal stratification was used to determine the best thresholds for the TSF. The associations of malnutrition and TSF categories with survival were estimated independently and jointly by calculating multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR). Malnutrition was identified in 808 (30·2 %) patients, and the best TSF thresholds were 9·5 mm in men and 12 mm in women. Accordingly, 496 (18·6 %) patients were identified as having a low TSF. Patients with concurrent malnutrition and a low TSF had a 54 % (HR = 1·54, 95 % CI = 1·25, 1·88) greater death hazard compared with well-nourished individuals, which was also greater compared with malnourished patients with a normal TSF (HR = 1·23, 95 % CI = 1·06, 1·43) or malnourished patients without TSF assessment (HR = 1·31, 95 % CI = 1·14, 1·50). These associations were concentrated among those patients with adequate muscle mass (as indicated by the calf circumference). Additional fat mass assessment using the TSF enhances the prognostic value of the GLIM criteria. Using the population-derived thresholds for the TSF may provide significant prognostic value when used in combination with the GLIM criteria to guide strategies to optimise the long-term outcomes in patients with LC.

•Triceps skinfold thickness, an economical and effective anthropometric method for estimating cellulite, has attracted increasing attention as a parameter to assess cancer prognosis.•Triceps skinfold thickness as a nutrition parameter has benefits that include low cost, non-invasiveness, reproducibility, and practicality.•We found that triceps skinfold thickness was an independent that affected the prognosis of women with colorectal cancer, but it had limited usefulness in men.•This was the first study to report the sex-specific prognostic value of triceps skinfold thickness in patients with colorectal cancer. Triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) is an economical and effective anthropometric method for estimating cellulite. It has attracted increasing attention as a parameter to assess cancer prognosis. Owing to physiologic differences, the sex-specific value of TSF in the prognostic assessment of colorectal cancer (CRC) is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the sex differences in the association of TSF and CRC mortality and provide practical clinical guidelines for optimizing prognostic strategies and nutritional guidance for patients with CRC. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was used to flexibly analyze the sex-specific relationship between continuous TSF and mortality. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the independent association between TSF and mortality in CRC patients. Finally, the study population was randomly allocated to two validation cohorts for internal randomization validation. We found an L-shaped association between the TSF and survival of CRC patients. Multivariable-adjusted RCS showed that TSF was associated with non-significant reduced mortality in men (P = 0.076). However, in women, continuous TSF was significantly associated with reduced mortality (P = 0.002). Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses confirmed that TSF was an independent factor affecting the prognosis of women with CRC (hazard ratio [HR], 0.834; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.748–0.930; log-rank P = 0.001), but not men with CRC (HR, 0.943; 95% CI, 0.869–1.024; log-rank P = 0.161). TSF was also an independent factor for predicting life function, cachexia, and malnutrition in patients with CRC. The randomization internal validation also showed a stronger association between TSF and all-cause mortality in women than in men. TSF is an independent factor affecting the prognosis of women with CRC; however, the prognostic value of TSF in men with CRC may be limited.

Although decreasing body mass index (BMI) is associated with higher mortality risk in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD), BMI neither differentiates muscle and fat mass nor provides information about the variations of fat distribution. It remains unclear whether changes over time in fat and muscle mass are associated with mortality. We examined the prognostic significance of trajectory in the triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). In this multicenter prospective cohort study, 972 outpatients (mean age, 54.5 years; 55.3% men) undergoing maintenance HD at 22 treatment centers were included. We calculated the relative change in TSF and MUAC over a 1-year period. The outcome was all-cause mortality. Kaplan–Meier, Cox proportional hazard analyses, restricted cubic splines, and Fine and Gray sub-distribution hazards models were performed to examine whether TSF and MUAC trajectories were associated with all-cause mortality. During follow-up (median, 48.0 months), 206 (21.2%) HD patients died. Compared with the lowest trajectory group, the highest trajectories of TSF and MUAC were independently associated with lower risk for all-cause mortality (HR = 0.405, 95% CI 0.257–0.640; HR = 0.537; 95% CI 0.345–0.837; respectively), even adjusting for BMI trajectory. Increasing TSF and MUAC over time, measured as continuous variables and expressed per 1-standard deviation decrease, were associated with a 55.7% (HR = 0.443, 95% CI 0.302–0.649), and 97.8% (HR = 0.022, 95% CI 0.005–0.102) decreased risk of all-cause mortality. Reduction of TSF and MUAC are independently associated with lower all-cause mortality, independent of change in BMI. Our study revealed that the trajectory of TSF thickness and MUAC provides additional prognostic information to the BMI trajectory in HD patients.

Background Obesity is one of the causes of glomerular hyperfiltration. Studies on the relationship between body fat content and glomerular hyperfiltration have been limited to special children. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between skinfold thickness, which represents body fat content, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Methods The cross-sectional study included 6655 participants (3532 boys and 3123 girls; age: 12 − 17.99 years); data was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2001–2010). The independent variables were subscapular skinfold thickness and triceps skinfold thickness. The dependent variable was eGFR. We used multivariate linear regression models to evaluate their associations and also performed subgroup analyses. Results After adjusting for age, standing height, race, family income, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid variables, multivariate regression analysis identified that triceps skinfold thickness and subscapular skinfold thickness were positively correlated with eGFR and glomerular hyperfiltration in boys. In subgroup analyses stratified by age and body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness was also associated with glomerular hyperfiltration in boys. There was a linear relationship between triceps skinfold thickness and eGFR in boys (β = 0.389, P  < 0.001) and girls (β = 0.159, P  = 0.0003). Conclusions Triceps skinfold thickness and subscapular skinfold thickness are positively correlated with eGFR and glomerular hyperfiltration in US male adolescents. In all adolescents, there is a linear relationship between triceps skinfold thickness and eGFR.

The evaluation of body composition (BC) is relevant in the evaluation of children’s health-disease states. Different methods and devices are used to estimate BC. The availability of methods and the clinical condition of the patient usually defines the ideal approach to be used. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluate the accuracy of different methods to estimate BC in Mexican children and adolescents, using the 4-C model as the reference. In a sample of 288 Mexican children and adolescents, 4-C body composition assessment, skinfold-thickness (SF), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), and deuterium dilution (D2O) were performed, along with MRI in a subsample (52 participants). The analysis of validity was performed by correlation analysis, linear regression, and the Bland–Altman method. All methods analyzed showed strong correlations for FM with 4-C values and between each other; however, DXA and MRI overestimated FM, whereas skinfolds and ADP under-estimated FM. Conclusion: The clinical assessment of BC by means of SF, ADP, DXA, MRI and D2O correlated well with the 4-C model and between them, providing evidence of their clinical validity and utility. The results from different methods are not interchangeable. Preference between methods may depend on their availability and the specific clinical setting.

Background Evidence shows that low serum vitamin D concentrations account for an increased risk of obesity by inducing vitamin D receptor (VDR) hypofunction. Although the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of VDR gene and obesity-related anthropometric measures (such as body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference[WC]) has already been tested, there are only few studies on the association between direct measures of body fat percentage (BFP) and triceps skinfold thickness and the SNPs of VDR . The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of VDR gene polymorphism on multiple obesity indexes in Han Chinese, including BMI, WC, BFP and triceps skinfold thickness. Methods In this cross-sectional study, five hundred and seventeen healthy Chinese adults were enrolled in the trial. Four loci in VDR gene (rs2228570 [FokI], rs2189480, rs2239179 and rs7975232[ApaI]) were genotyped by TaqMan probe assays. Obesity indexes including BMI, WC, BFP and triceps skinfold thickness were used to evaluate the relationship to the VDR SNPs. Multiple logistic regression, linear regression and general multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) were performed to analyze the correlation of VDR gene and obesity indexes. Results None of the VDR SNPs were associated with BMI and WC, the C allele of FokI and the T allele of ApaI were associated with an increase in BFP (β = 0.069 ,P  = 0.007; β = 0.087, P  = 0.022 respectively); the G allele of rs2239179 and the T allele of ApaI were associated with an increase in triceps skin fold thickness (β = 0.074, P  = 0.001; β = 0.122, P  < 0.001 respectively). In regards to adiposity-related metabolic parameters, we found that the GT genotype of ApaI was associated with higher level of total cholesterol (TC) ( P  = 0.013) and Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ( P  = 0.001). Conclusions Though we failed to prove that VDR SNPs were in correlation with BMI and WC, we did establish the association between VDR variants and BFP, as well as triceps skinfold thickness. Data obtained suggested that the VDR variants play an important role in regulating adipose tissue activity and adiposity among Han Chinese.

The aim of this study was to identify placental DNA methylation (DNAm) variations associated with adiposity at 3 years of age. We quantified placental DNAm using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChips. We assessed associations between DNAm at single-CpGs and skinfold thickness using robust linear regression models adjusted for gestational age, child’s sex, age at follow-up and cellular heterogeneity. We sought replication of DNAm association with child adiposity in an independent cohort. We quantified placental mRNA levels for annotated gene using qRT-PCR and tested for correlation with DNAm. Lower DNAm at cg22593959 and cg22436429 was associated with higher adiposity (β = −1.18, q = 0.002 and β = −0.82, q = 0.04). The cg22593959 is located in an intergenic region (chr7q31.3), whereas cg22436429 is within the TFAP2E gene (1p34.3). DNAm at cg22593959 and cg22436429 was correlated with mRNA levels at FAM3C (rs = −0.279, p = 0.005) and TFAP2E (rs = 0.216, p = 0.03). In an independent cohort, the association between placental DNAm at cg22593959 and childhood adiposity was of similar strength and direction (β = −3.8 ± 4.1, p = 0.36), yet non-significant. Four genomic regions were also associated with skinfold thickness within FMN1, MAGI2, SKAP2 and BMPR1B genes. We identified placental epigenetic variations associated with adiposity at 3 years of age suggesting that childhood fat accretion patterns might be established during fetal life.

The objective was to examine the tracking of obesity from childhood to young adulthood in Slovenia. A subsample included 4833 children from the Slovenian national sample (n 21 777) who were included in the SLOFIT monitoring system from 1997 to 2008, with complete data at 7 years and 18 years. A 12-year prospective cohort study. Height, weight and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) were measured at 7, 11, 14 and 18 years. The BMI cut-off points of the International Obesity Taskforce were used to identify excess weight and obesity. The survey was conducted in Slovenian primary and secondary schools from 1988 to 2008 but only the data from the measurements in 1997, 2001, 2004 and 2008 are presented. Height, weight and BMI at 18 years were well predicted from childhood and became more predictable with age, while TSF was not. Obese and overweight children had the greatest risk of becoming obese or overweight young adults. The history of their weight shows that 40.0 % of males and 48.6 % of females who were obese at 18 years had already been obese at 7 years. Overweight or obese Slovenian children are more likely to become overweight or obese adolescents and young adults than reported in other similar European and American studies, which indicates the need for early prevention and treatment of excess weight and obesity.

Background Although the estimation of body fatness by Slaughter skinfold thickness equations (PBF Slaughter ) has been widely used, the accuracy of this method is uncertain. We have previously examined the interrelationships among the body mass index (BMI), PBF Slaughter, percent body fat from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (PBF DXA ) and CVD risk factor levels among children who were examined in the Bogalusa Heart Study and in the Pediatric Rosetta Body Composition Project. The current analyses examine these associations among 7599 8- to 19-year-olds who participated in the (U.S.) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2004. Methods We analyzed (1) the agreement between (1) estimates of percent body fat calculated from the Slaughter skinfold thickness equations and from DXA, and (2) the relation of lipid, lipoprotein, and blood pressure levels to BMI, PBF Slaughter and PBF DXA . Results PBF Slaughter was highly correlated (r ~ 0.85) with PBF DXA . However, among children with a relatively low skinfold thicknesses sum (triceps + subscapular), PBF Slaughter underestimated PBF DXA by 8 to 9 percentage points. In contrast, PBF Slaughter overestimated PBF DXA by 10 points among boys with a skinfold thickness sum ≥ 50 mm. After adjustment for sex and age, lipid levels were related similarly to the body mass index, PBF DXA and PBF Slaughter . There were, however, small differences in associations with blood pressure levels: systolic blood pressure was more strongly associated with body mass index, but diastolic blood pressure was more strongly associated with percent body fat. Conclusions The Slaughter equations yield biased estimates of body fatness. In general, lipid and blood pressure levels are related similarly to levels of BMI (following adjustment for sex and age), PBF Slaughter, and PBF DXA .

Background and Objectives: Skinfold thickness assessment is a widely recognized technique for the estimation of body adiposity and fat free mass. This method assumes that skinfolds' compressibility is constant but there are some factors that could influence its compressibility. This study aims to evaluate whether the skinfolds' compressibility is influenced by hydration status. Methods and Study Design: An intervention study was conducted in a sample of 22 adult male amateur soccer players, who took part in a 90min simulated soccer match. Before and after the intervention skinfolds thicknesses were measured in eight anatomical sites. An electronic caliper, Lipotool, was used to collect and record 120 values during 2s of evaluation. To analyze skinfolds' compressibility, two methods were used: identification of lowest skinfold thickness measurement (SL) and SH = 110% x SL, and the parameter TAU (t) determination. Baseline hydration status was evaluated by total body water (TBW) through multifrequency bioimpedance analysis. Dehydration was assessed by the difference of body weight before and after the intervention. Results: The intervention resulted in a loss of 2.11% of participants' baseline weight. The skinfolds thicknesses, assessed by SL and SH, were significantly higher after exercise for all skinfolds except for skinfolds at iliac crest and abdominal. This intervention did not affect skinfolds' compressibility when assessed by t. However, an association between dehydration and medial-calf skinfold' compressibility was found (r=0.48, p=0.042). Conclusions: Although an increase in the skinfolds thickness after the intervention was found, skinfolds' compressibility did not change.