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Abstract eSports-organized video game competitions-are growing in popularity, with top tournaments drawing crowds of spectators rivaling traditional sporting events. Understanding the extent to which eSport operates similarly to traditional sport is vital to developing marketing strategies for the eSport industry and informing academic research on eSport. Prior research has examined eSports in isolation from traditional sports, overlooking direct comparisons to understand the degree to which eSport spectators are motivated similarly to traditional sport spectators. The current study measures widely-used sport consumption motives to examine their influence on eSport spectatorship and game attendance frequency. In South Korea, spectator motives across one traditional sport (soccer) and two eSport contexts (FIFA Online 3 and StarCraft II) were measured. MANOVA results identify similar patterns for 11 out of 15 motives across the three. Significant differences between contexts include vicarious achievement, excitement, physical attractiveness, and family bonding. Multiple regression analysis results show that spectators across contexts have distinct sets of motives influencing game attendance. The current study demonstrates that traditional sport and eSports are similarly consumed, suggesting that sport industry professionals can manage and market eSport events similarly to traditional sport events.

A bstract We consider inflationary models with multiple spectator axions coupled to dark gauge sectors via Chern-Simons (CS) terms. The energy injection into Abelian gauge fields from the axions engenders a multi-peak profile for scalar and tensor spectra. We highlight the constraining power of CMB spectral distortions on the scalar signal and discuss the conditions under which spectator sectors can account for the recently observed stochastic gravitational wave (GW) background in the nHz range. Given the tantalizing prospect of a multi-peak “GW forest” spanning several decades in frequency, we elaborate on possible ultraviolet origins of the spectator models from Type IIB orientifolds. String compactifications generically produce a multitude of axions, the “Axiverse”, from dimensional reduction of p-form gauge fields. The CS coupling of such axions to dark gauge fields in the worldvolume theory of D7-branes can be tuned via multiple brane wrappings and/or quantized gauge field strengths. If string axions coupled to Abelian gauge fields undergo slow-roll during inflation, they produce GW signals with peaked frequency distribution whose magnitude depends on the details of the compactification. We discuss the restrictions on spectator models from consistency and control requirements of the string compactification and thereby motivate models that may live in the string landscape as opposed to the swampland.

Spectator motives have been conventionally used to explain sport spectator behavior, such as word-of-mouth recommendations and revisit intention. A review of the literature suggests that the predictability of spectator motives is both inconsistent and context dependent. We proposed that these factors can be reconciled by directly examining the role of spectator well-being in the relationship between spectator motives and repatronage behavior. Our findings revealed that spectator well-being significantly mediates the effects of 5 motives, that is, achievement, aesthetics, knowledge, family, and escape, on sport spectator revisit intention and word-of-mouth recommendations. Future research directions are also discussed.

Consuming Sport offers a detailed consideration of how sport is experienced and engaged with in the everyday lives, social networks and consumer patterns of its followers. It examines the processes of becoming a sport fan, and the social and moral career that supporters follow as their involvement develops over a life-course. The book argues that while for many people sport matters, for many more, it does not. Though for some sport is significant in shaping their social and cultural identity, it is often consumed and experienced by others in quite mundane and everyday ways, through the media images that surround us, conversations overheard and in the clothing of people we pass by. As well as developing a new theory of sport fandom the book links this discussion to wider debates on audiences, fan cultures and consumer practices. The text argues that for far too long consideration of sport fans has focused on exceptional forms of support ignoring the myriad of ways in which sport can be experienced and consumed in everyday life.

A common factor among white people is the denial that they are racialized subjects, so that they use white fragility and innocence as strategies to protect and enjoy privilege and racial superiority. By the other hand, decolonial art is made up of a set of works that aim to separate the artistic production of non-Europeans and non-whites from a supposed position of inferiority based on coloniality. Thus, this research sought to understand how black theater, understood from this decolonial perspective, provides white Brazilian and Portuguese spectators with a racializing experience. The results allowed us to explore shared understandings about white identity, contributing to understanding the process of racialization of white spectators.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the perceived enjoyment that is derived from spectators observing other spectators’ dysfunctional behavior during a game.Design/methodology/approachUsing four forms (i.e. fighting, verbal assault, disrupting play and throwing missiles) of spectators dysfunctional behavior (SDB), two experiments (N = 252 for Study 1 and N = 92 for Study 2) were conducted in which video clips corresponding to the four types of SDB were used as experimental stimuli.FindingsThe findings indicate that participants enjoyed viewing spectators running onto the field of play significantly more than the other forms of SDB (i.e. fighting, verbal assaults and throwing missiles). The results also show no significant difference between how much spectators enjoyed the actions of fighting, verbal assault and throwing missiles.Originality/valueThe novelty of this study include the usage of a multidimensional approach to the concept of SDB and testing for a positive outcome pertaining to SDB that has largely, if not fully, been examined using negative inputs and outputs.

This study examines the \"superstar effect\" in the wine industry, focusing on whether inclusion in Wine Spectator's Top 100 List leads to sustained price premiums. Using data from Wine-Searcher and Wine Spectator, we analyze wines ranked number one from 2010 to 2021 and the top 10 wines from 2016. The findings reveal that being ranked number one results in an immediate 85% price premium compared to previous vintages. A random-effects GLS regression further demonstrates that the top 10 wines maintain elevated price premiums for up to five years. This research expands the literature on the superstar effect, traditionally explored in entertainment and sports, by illustrating how critical recognition influences long-term pricing in the wine industry. The results offer actionable insights for wine producers and marketers, highlighting how rankings drive consumer behavior and create sustained market advantages.

The lithium supply issue mainly lies in the inability of current mining methods to access lithium sources of dilute concentrations and complex chemistry. Electrochemical intercalation has emerged as a highly selective method for lithium extraction; however, limited source compositions have been studied, which is insufficient to predict its applicability to the wide range of unconventional water sources (UWS). This work addresses the feasibility and identifies the challenges of Li extraction by electrochemical intercalation from UWS, by answering three questions: 1) Is there enough Li in UWS? 2) How would the solution compositions affect the competition of Li⁺ to major ions (Na⁺/Mg2+/K⁺/Ca2+)? 3) Does the complex solution composition affect the electrode stability? Using one-dimensional olivine FePO₄ as the model electrode, we show the complicated roles of major ions. Na⁺ acts as the competitor ion for host storage sites. The competition from Na⁺ grants Mg2+ and Ca2+ being only the spectator ions. However, Mg2+ and Ca2+ can significantly affect the charge transfer of Li⁺ and Na⁺, therefore affecting the Li selectivity. We point to improving the selectivity of Li⁺ to Na⁺ as the key challenge for broadening the minable UWS using the olivine host.

We improve and generalize the non-minimal curvaton model originally proposed in arXiv: 2112.12680 to a model in which a spectator field non-minimally couples to an inflaton field and the power spectrum of the perturbation of spectator field at small scales is dramatically enhanced by the sharp feature in the form of non-minimal coupling. At or after the end of inflation, the perturbation of the spectator field is converted into curvature perturbation and leads to the formation of primordial black holes (PBHs). Furthermore, for example, we consider three phenomenological models for generating PBHs with mass function peaked at ~ 10 −12 M ʘ and representing all the cold dark matter in our universe and find that the scalar induced gravitational waves generated by the curvature perturbation can be detected by the future space-borne gravitational-wave detectors such as Taiji, TianQin, and LISA.

Introduction Sports events attract large crowds, necessitating the provision of medical services. Medical issues at these events can include acute injuries, such as falls or incidents related to the sport being played, as well as the worsening of pre-existing health conditions. Study objective The aim of this descriptive study is to report on the extent and type of spectator medicine services needed during major sporting events in ice hockey and what factors affected the use of these services. Methods Data was collected from two top-level men’s world championship tournaments in Finland consisting of 98 games with a total of over 630,000 spectators. Trained nurses working in pairs reported the type, treatment and time of day of spectator medicine services provided at the tournaments, as well as the number of patients requiring treatment outside the arena. Results The average number of health care contacts per game was 3.9. The number of health care contacts increased in concordance with audience size, but when adjusted for audience size there were fewer contacts in host team Finland’s games (0.55, 95% CI 0.3–0.9). 30% of the contacts were due to skin conditions, followed by musculoskeletal conditions and headaches. A total of 25 patients required treatment outside the arena, with 9 requiring an ambulance transfer. Conclusion The preparatory measures and the number of medical staff present were at times abundant, but nevertheless sufficient for the needs of the spectators. This resulted in only a small minority of patients needing to be transferred for further treatment outside the arena. For future events, we recommend there is at least one nurse for every 1000 expected spectators. Additionally, nurses should work in pairs to be able to effectively initiate treatment for severe medical conditions. Clinical trial number Not applicable.