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The science of spice : understand flavour connections and revolutionize your cooking
Adventurous cooks, curious foodies, and fans of spicy recipes. Break new ground with this spice book like no other. Be inspired to make your own new spice blends, and take your cooking to new heights. Spice will help you understand the practical science behind the art of cooking with spices. If you've ever wondered what to do with that unloved jar of sumac, why some spices taste stronger than others, or how to make your own personal garam masala, this inspirational guide has all the answers. Spice sets out the science behind the flavours and helps you choose, with greater confidence and intuition, how to use spices that perfectly complement each other. A \"periodic table\" of spices shows the connections between flavour compounds, and explains how spices can be grouped into distinct flavour families. A World of Spice chapter explores the main regions of the spice world, including Southeast Asia, the Middle East, the Americas, and the Indian Subcontinent, identifying the key spices in each cuisine and providing recipes for signature blends. Spice profiles - organised by their dominant flavour compound - showcase the world's top spices, with recipe ideas, information on how to buy, use, and store, and more in-depth science to help you release the flavours and make your own spice connections. Finally, a selection of recipes using innovative spice blends will brighten your palate and inspire your own culinary adventures. Spice is an indispensable kitchen companion that home cooks will turn to time and time again to learn and innovate.
Book
Dose-Dependent Increase in Unconjugated Cinnamic Acid Concentration in Plasma Following Acute Consumption of Polyphenol Rich Curry in the Polyspice Study
Spices that are rich in polyphenols are metabolized to a convergent group of phenolic/aromatic acids. We conducted a dose-exposure nutrikinetic study to investigate associations between mixed spices intake and plasma concentrations of selected, unconjugated phenolic/aromatic acids. In a randomized crossover study, 17 Chinese males consumed a curry meal containing 0 g, 6 g, and 12 g of mixed spices. Postprandial blood was drawn up to 7 h at regular intervals and plasma phenolic/aromatic acids were quantified via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Cinnamic acid (CNA, p < 0.0001) and phenylacetic acid (PAA, p < 0.0005) concentrations were significantly increased with mixed spices consumption, although none of the other measured phenolic/aromatic acids differ significantly between treatments. CNA displayed a high dose-exposure association (R2 > 0.8, p < 0.0001). The adjusted mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve until 7 h (AUC0–7 h) for CNA during the 3 increasing doses were 8.4 ± 3.4, 376.1 ± 104.7 and 875.7 ± 291.9 nM.h respectively. Plasma CNA concentration may be used as a biomarker of spice intake.
Journal Article
The flavor matrix : the art and science of pairing common ingredients to create extraordinary dishes
\"As an instructor at one of the world's top culinary schools, James Briscione thought he knew how to mix and match ingredients. Then he met IBMWatson. Working with the supercomputer to turn big data into delicious recipes, Briscione realized that he (like most chefs) knew next to nothing about why different foods taste good together. That epiphany launched him on a quest to understand the molecular basis of flavor--and it led, in time, to The Flavor Matrix, [an] ... ingredient-pairing guide\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Chemistry of spices
Spices are high value, export-oriented crops used extensively in food and beverage flavourings, medicines, cosmetics and perfumes. Interest is growing however in the theoretical and practical aspects of the biosynthetic mechanisms of active components in spices as well as the relationship between the biological activity and chemical structure of these secondary metabolites. A wide variety of phenolic substances and amides derived from spices have been found to possess potent chemopreventive, anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties. Representing the first discussion of the chemical properties of a wide cross section of important spices, this book covers extensively the three broad categories of plant-derived natural products: the terpenoids, the alkaloids and the phenyl propanoids and allied phenolic compounds. Spice crops such as black pepper, ginger, turmeric and coriander are covered with information on botany, composition, uses, chemistry, international specifications and the properties of a broad range of common and uncommon spices.
eBook
Impact of source, packaging and presence of food safety management system on heavy metals levels in spices and herbs
Spices and herbs are susceptible to various contaminants, including heavy metals. Our study aimed to quantify the levels of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (As), and cadmium (Cd) in 96 composite samples of 13 herbs and spices frequently consumed in Lebanon. Twenty percent (19/96) and 4% (4/96) of the samples exceeded the permissible levels of Pb and Cd, respectively and all the samples met the permissible levels of As and Hg according to Codex Alimentarius standards. For Pb and Cd, unpackaged samples had the highest levels of unacceptable samples of 31% (8/26) and 8% (2/26), respectively. The samples locally packaged in companies with and without Food Safety Management System (FSMS) had the same levels of unacceptable samples of 12% (3/26) and 4% (1/26) for Pb and Cd, respectively. Imported packaged samples had unacceptable levels of Pb (28% (5/18)) and were acceptable for the three other heavy metals.
Journal Article
Antioxidant, Anti-Obesity, Nutritional and Other Beneficial Effects of Different Chili Pepper: A Review
Fruits and vegetables are important components of a healthy diet. They are rich sources of vitamins and minerals, dietary fibre and a host of beneficial non-nutrient substances including plant sterols, flavonoids and other antioxidants. It has been reported that reduced intake of fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Chili pepper, is a common and important spice used to enhance taste and nutrition. Over the years, reports have shown its potential as antioxidant and an anti-obesity agent. Obesity is a serious health concern as it may initiate other common chronic diseases. Due to the side effects of synthetic antioxidants and anti-obesity drugs, scientists are now focusing on natural products which produce similar effects to synthetic chemicals. This up-to-date review addresses this research gap and presents, in an accessible format, the nutritional, antioxidant and anti-obesity properties of different chili peppers. This review article serves as a reference guide for use of chili peppers as anti-obesity agents.
Journal Article
The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide
Background
A plant-based diet protects against chronic oxidative stress-related diseases. Dietary plants contain variable chemical families and amounts of antioxidants. It has been hypothesized that plant antioxidants may contribute to the beneficial health effects of dietary plants. Our objective was to develop a comprehensive food database consisting of the total antioxidant content of typical foods as well as other dietary items such as traditional medicine plants, herbs and spices and dietary supplements. This database is intended for use in a wide range of nutritional research, from in vitro and cell and animal studies, to clinical trials and nutritional epidemiological studies.
Methods
We procured samples from countries worldwide and assayed the samples for their total antioxidant content using a modified version of the FRAP assay. Results and sample information (such as country of origin, product and/or brand name) were registered for each individual food sample and constitute the Antioxidant Food Table.
Results
The results demonstrate that there are several thousand-fold differences in antioxidant content of foods. Spices, herbs and supplements include the most antioxidant rich products in our study, some exceptionally high. Berries, fruits, nuts, chocolate, vegetables and products thereof constitute common foods and beverages with high antioxidant values.
Conclusions
This database is to our best knowledge the most comprehensive Antioxidant Food Database published and it shows that plant-based foods introduce significantly more antioxidants into human diet than non-plant foods. Because of the large variations observed between otherwise comparable food samples the study emphasizes the importance of using a comprehensive database combined with a detailed system for food registration in clinical and epidemiological studies. The present antioxidant database is therefore an essential research tool to further elucidate the potential health effects of phytochemical antioxidants in diet.
Journal Article
Health risk assessment of Sudan dyes, toxic elements, and pesticide residues in Egyptian spices
Sudan dyes, toxic elements, and pesticide residues in spices pose potential health risks through long-term exposure, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring. This study evaluated their occurrence and toxicological impact in 80 spice samples collected from Cairo, Giza, Qalyubia, Faiyum, and Alexandria governorates in Egypt. Advanced analytical techniques including High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for detection. Several metals: antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) were found in nearly all samples, except As, which appeared in 75%. Mercury (Hg) and tin (Sn) were below quantification limits. Lead exceeded permissible limits in 5% of hot chili, paprika, and cumin samples. Despite being banned, Sudan I and IV dyes were detected in all tested commodities, reaching 52.3 mg/kg in curry and 6.5 mg/kg in hot chili, while Para Red and Sudan 7B were absent. Although metals and pesticides were within safe exposure limits, the detection of Sudan dyes indicates potential health concerns and the need for continued regulatory control.
Journal Article
Deep eutectic solvent–based headspace single-drop microextraction for the quantification of terpenes in spices
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were investigated as extracting solvent for headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SDME). The extraction efficiency of 10 DESs mainly composed of tetrabutylammonium bromide (N4444Br) and long-chain alcohols was evaluated for the extraction of terpenes from six spices (cinnamon, cumin, fennel, clove, thyme, and nutmeg). The DES composed of N4444Br and dodecanol at a molar ratio of 1:2 showed the highest extraction efficiency and was selected to conduct the extractions of terpenes in the rest of the study. HS-SDME was optimized by design of experiments. Only two parameters from the four studied showed a significant influence on the efficiency of the method: the extraction time and the extraction temperature. The optimal extraction conditions were determined by response surface methodology. All extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). More than 40 terpenes were extracted and identified in nutmeg, the richest extract in terpenes in this study. Quantitative analysis based on 29 standards was conducted for each extract. Good linearity was obtained for all standards (R2 > 0.99) in the interval of 1 to 500 μg/g. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.47 μg/g (borneol) to 86.40 μg/g (α-farnesene) with more than half of the values under 2 μg/g. HS-SDME is simple, rapid, and cheap compared with conventional extraction methods. The use of DESs makes this extraction method “greener” and it was shown that DESs can be suitable solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants.
Journal Article
A Novel FTIR-Based Chemometric Solution for the Assessment of Saffron Adulteration with Non-Fresh Stigmas
The development of fast, non-destructive, and green methods with adequate sensitivity for saffron authentication has important implications in the quality control of the entire production chain of this precious spice. In this context, the highly suitable sensitivity of a spectroscopic method coupled with chemometrics was verified. A total number of 334 samples were analyzed using attenuated-total-reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy; the collected spectra were processed by partial-least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to evaluate the feasibility of this study for the discrimination between compliant saffron (fresh samples produced in 2020) and saffron samples adulterated with non-fresh stigmas produced in 2018 and 2016. PLS-DA was able to classify the saffron samples in accordance with the aging time and to discriminate fresh samples from the samples adulterated with non-fresh (legally expired) stigmas, achieving 100% of both sensitivity and specificity in external prediction. Moreover, PLS regression was able to predict the adulteration level with sufficient accuracy (the root-mean-square error of prediction was approximately 3–5%). In summary, ATR-FTIR and chemometrics can be employed to highlight the illegal blending of fresh saffron with unsold stocks of expired saffron, which may be a common fraudulent practice not yet considered in the scientific literature.
Journal Article