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"State and Non-State Actors"
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Qatar : the practice of rented power
\"This book explains the parameters of Qatar's political growth by developing an alternative theory of power - 'rented' power. The author demonstrates how Qatar's emergence as a regional power can be solely explained by its capacity as a gas-rich rentier state. By using Qatar as an empirical case study of the 'rented' power theory, readers will gain insight into Qatar's engagement with non-state actors (political Islam, tribes, media, sports, and others) to wield its power, allowing Qatar to 'rent' the well-established influence of non-state actors due to their transnational nature. The Qatari case demonstrates a state's ability to establish a patron-client relationship with non-state actors, overcoming limitations set by size or military strength to gain international influence. This book is accessible to a wide readership: it will be of interest of scholars, postgraduates, journalists, and policy experts, and a general audience whose interests include the politics of the Middle East and the GCC states particularly\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Ever-Shifting Nature of Boko Haram Insurgency: Classifying the Conflict Intensity
This paper examines the classification of the intensity of the Boko Haram conflict, a protracted insurgency in Nigeria and its neighbouring countries. The paper delves into the concepts of low intensity conflict (LIC), high intensity conflict (HIC), and moderate intensity conflict (MIC), as defined by the International Humanitarian Law (IHL), and explores the rationale behind these classifications. Through comprehensive research, analysis of expert perspectives, and examination of the conflict's historical context and evolving nature, this research presents a balanced assessment of the Boko Haram conflict's intensity. Using secondary sources, such as peer-reviewed academic articles, reports from international organisations, and expert analyses, the paper considers various criteria, including the scale of violence, types of tactics employed, territorial control, civilian impact, and the involvement of state and non-state actors. The findings reveal that the Boko Haram conflict exhibits characteristics of both a low-intensity and a moderate to high-intensity conflict, depending on the specific timeframe and contextual factors considered. The research adopts Escalation theory to understand conflict intensity classification, acknowledging the complexities and limitations associated with categorising conflicts. It highlights the need for ongoing research, analysis, and monitoring of the Boko Haram conflict to inform effective strategies and responses. The outcomes of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the Boko Haram conflict and its intensity, facilitating more informed policy-making, conflict management, and peacebuilding efforts. By recognising the multifaceted nature of the conflict and the diverse perspectives surrounding its classification, this research contributes to the broader field of conflict studies and informs approaches to addressing similar conflicts worldwide.
Journal Article
Compliant rebels : rebel groups and international law in world politics
\"Seventeen million people have died in civil wars and rebel violence has disrupted the lives of millions more. In a fascinating contribution to the active literature on civil wars, this book finds that some contemporary rebel groups actually comply with international law amid the brutality of civil conflicts around the world. Rather than celebrating the existence of compliant rebels, the author traces the cause of this phenomenon and argues that compliant rebels emerge when rebel groups seek legitimacy in the eyes of domestic and international audiences that care about humanitarian consequences and human rights. By examining rebel groups' different behaviors such as civilian killing, child soldiering, and allowing access to detention centers, Compliant Rebels offers key messages and policy lessons about engaging rebel groups with an eye toward reducing civilian suffering in war zones\"-- Page 4 of cover.
Book
A Critical Appraisal of Realist International Relations Concepts in the Horn of Africa-Persian Gulf Relations: The state, power, and agency
International Relations literature (re)produces principally “realist” depictions of relations between the Horn of Africa and the Persian Gulf. It portrays states as monolithic actors and the Persian Gulf countries as superior according to a state-centric conception of power and fails to recognize the agency of various African state and non-state actors and understand power in their external relations. This article discusses caveats of the key concepts of the realist approach and argues that it provides an inadequate analytical frame when applied to the Horn of Africa-Persian Gulf relations. The article calls for a broader approach that enables a better understanding of multiple actors that engage in international relations, enabling a more accurate analysis that helps to improve both theory and practice.
Journal Article
International agreements between non-state actors as a source of international law
\"This book examines whether international agreements between non-state actors can be identified as a source of international law using objective criteria. It asks whether, beyond Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, there is a system of rules, processes, beliefs or semantics by which these agreements can be objectively identified as a source of international law. Departing from the more usual state-centric analysis, it adopts postmodern legal positivism as its analytical tool. This allows for the reality that international law-making takes place in subjective social landscapes. To test the effectiveness of this approach, it is applied to agreements between petroleum agencies and corporations which allow two or more states to exploit disputed resources across boundaries looking in particular at arrangements involving China, Vietnam and the Philippines. By so doing it illustrates an alternative way that states can manage disputes, without having to resort to conflict. It will appeal to both scholars and practitioners of public international law, as well as civil servants.\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Level of implementation of best practice policies for creating healthy food environments: assessment by state and non-state actors in Thailand
To determine and compare the level of implementation of policies for healthy food environments in Thailand with reference to international best practice by state and non-state actors.
Data on the current level of implementation of food environment policies were assessed independently using the adapted Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) by two groups of actors. Concrete actions were proposed for Thai Government. A joint meeting between both groups was subsequently held to reach consensus on priority actions.
Thailand.
Thirty state actors and twenty-seven non-state actors.
Level of policy implementation varied across different domains and actor groups. State actors rated implementation levels higher than non-state actors. Both state and non-state actors rated level of implementation of monitoring of BMI highest. Level of implementation of policies promoting in-store availability of healthy foods and policies increasing tax on unhealthy foods were rated lowest by state and non-state actors, respectively. Both groups reached consensus on eleven priority actions for implementation, focusing on food provision in public-sector settings, food composition, food promotion, leadership, monitoring and intelligence, and food trade.
Although the implementation gaps identified and priority actions proposed varied between state and non-state actors, both groups achieved consensus on a comprehensive food policy package to be implemented by the Thai Government to improve the healthiness of food environments. This consensus is a platform for continued policy dialogue towards cross-sectoral policy coherence and effective actions to address the growing burden of non-communicable diseases and obesity in Thailand.
Journal Article
Theorizing Norm Diffusion Within International Organizations
International Organizations (IOs) promote and diffuse norms within world politics. This prompts the question: where do these norms come from? This inquiry analyses how IOs have been perceived within the emerging norms literature where IOs are 'norm diffusers' within the international system, and finds that the way in which IOs themselves internalize norms has not been taken into account. This poses a potentially fruitful new avenue of inquiry into why and when IOs behave as norm diffusers. An interpretation of when and why IOs internalize norms is offered by positing that IO identities are not fixed and that they are 'norm consumers' socialized by state and non-state actors. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
Alternative governance in the Northern Triangle and implications for U.S. foreign policy : finding logic within chaos
\"While in much of the Northern Triangle of Central America, the state is either absent or a secondary power, it is clear that 'ungoverned spaces' are in fact governed by one or more of the proliferating non-state actors that control specific geographic space. Rather than a territorial space in anarchy, regions such as those examined in this study operate under unwritten rules governing the social, financial, economic, and political behavior of the inhabitants. As a result, there is a logic amidst the seeming chaos that is the fabric of these societies -- fragmented societies where unspoken laws and social norms are understood and obeyed and where justice, job creation, social services, and the power of life and death are in the hands of non-state actors. This study examines different forms of alternative governance in the absence of a strong state presence in the Northern Triangle of Central America -- along part of the Guatemala-Honduras border -- a region notorious for its soaring homicide rates, corruption, violence, and emigration to the United States. The purpose of the study is to shed light on the complex and interwoven issues that drive the current crisis of governance in the region and spill over with increasing frequency into strategic issues for the United States\"--Publisher's web site.
Book
Non-State Actors and International Obligations
This collection studies the contribution of non-state actors to international obligations. Chapters by academics and practitioners address the role that these actors play in the sources of obligations, their implementation, human rights aspects, dispute settlement, responsibility and legal accountability.
eBook