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"Stinkbugs."
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Group predation by Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) nymphs helps to handle velvet bean caterpillars of different sizes but impacts its reproduction
The influence of predator numbers (one or five individuals) and prey sizes (3rd or 5th Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) instar-larvae) on nymph development and survival, body weight (nymphs and adults), and longevity and reproduction of adult females of the predator stinkbug Podisus nigrispinus Dallas, 1851 (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) was evaluated using a completely randomized 2x2 factorial design. P. nigrispinus nymph body weight was lower for grouped-fed with 3rd A. gemmatalis instar-larvae, but survival was higher for grouped-fed with 5th instar-larvae. These finds suggested a situation of prey shortage, but an advantage of group behavior, which allows the predator to better manipulate larger-size prey, respectively. However, P. nigrispinus females from grouped-fed nymphs and with 3rd instar-larvae had longer pre-oviposition periods and lower reproductive fitness than those from single-fed arrangement. The negative effects of prey shortages during nymph stage may be totally compensated at P. nigrispinus adult stage if they receive adequate food. The results can help to maintain the predatory stinkbug P. nigrispinus in rearing facilities in laboratory with adequate reproduction and contributing to understanding these predatory adaptive strategies. RESUMO: A influência do número de predadores (um ou cinco indivíduos) e do tamanho das presas (larvas de 3º ou 5º ínstar de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)) no desenvolvimento e sobrevivência das ninfas, no peso corporal (ninfas e adultos) e na longevidade e reprodução de fêmeas adultas do percevejo predador Podisus nigrispinus Dallas, 1851 (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) foi avaliada usando um delineamento fatorial 2x2 inteiramente casualizado. O peso corporal da ninfa de P. nigrispinus foi menor para alimentada em grupo com larvas de 3º instar de A. gemmatalis, mas a sobrevivência foi maior para alimentada em grupo com larvas de 5º instar. Essas descobertas sugerem uma situação de escassez de presas, mas uma vantagem do comportamento de grupo, que permite ao predador manipular melhor presas de tamanho maior, respectivamente. No entanto, as fêmeas de P. nigrispinus de ninfas alimentadas em grupo e com larvas de 3º instar tiveram períodos de pré-oviposição mais longos e menor aptidão reprodutiva do que aquelas do arranjo de alimentação única. Os efeitos negativos da escassez de presas durante o estágio de ninfa podem ser totalmente compensados no estágio adulto de P. nigrispinus se receberem alimentação adequada. Os resultados podem ajudar a manter o percevejo predador P. nigrispinus em instalações de criação em laboratório com reprodução adequada e contribuir para a compreensão dessas estratégias adaptativas predatórias.
Journal Article
Attack of the stink bugs!
\"Though stink bugs werent introduced to the United States until the 1990s, this invasive species has spread to nearly every state in the country. Their biggest enemies? Farmers who dont like them feeding on crops and fruits. Readers dont need to smell a squished stink bug to understand the harm they can cause not only to crops, but also to native species. The main content and fact boxes discuss how the stink bugs ended up in the United States and the efforts being made to stop their population from growing even more\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Host–symbiont specificity determined by microbe–microbe competition in an insect gut
Despite the omnipresence of specific host–symbiont associations with acquisition of the microbial symbiont from the environment, little is known about how the specificity of the interaction evolved and is maintained. The bean bug Riptortus pedestris acquires a specific bacterial symbiont of the genus Burkholderia from environmental soil and harbors it in midgut crypts. The genus Burkholderia consists of over 100 species, showing ecologically diverse lifestyles, and including serious human pathogens, plant pathogens, and nodule-forming plant mutualists, as well as insect mutualists. Through infection tests of 34 Burkholderia species and 18 taxonomically diverse bacterial species, we demonstrate here that nonsymbiotic Burkholderia and even its outgroup Pandoraea could stably colonize the gut symbiotic organ and provide beneficial effects to the bean bug when inoculated on aposymbiotic hosts. However, coinoculation revealed that the native symbiont always outcompeted the nonnative bacteria inside the gut symbiotic organ, explaining the predominance of the native Burkholderia symbiont in natural bean bug populations. Hence, the abilities for colonization and cooperation, usually thought of as specific traits of mutualists, are not unique to the native Burkholderia symbiont but, to the contrary, competitiveness inside the gut is a derived trait of the native symbiont lineage only and was thus critical in the evolution of the insect gut symbiont.
Journal Article
Unstinky
\"As a stinkbug Bud has problems: despite his best efforts he smells too sweet and flowery--but when April the bee invites him to her hive for a dance party he discovers his true talent.\"--Provied by publisher.
Book
Potential Geographic Distribution of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Invasion (Halyomorpha halys)
Explores climatic limits and estimates the potential geographic distribution, including New Zealand, of the stink bug to provide critical information for management strategies. Source: National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, licensed by the Department of Internal Affairs for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand Licence.
Journal Article
An ancient but promiscuous host–symbiont association between Burkholderia gut symbionts and their heteropteran hosts
Here, we investigated 124 stinkbug species representing 20 families and 5 superfamilies for their
Burkholderia
gut symbionts, of which 39 species representing 6 families of the superfamilies Lygaeoidea and Coreoidea were
Burkholderia
-positive. Diagnostic PCR surveys revealed high frequencies of
Burkholderia
infection in natural populations of the stinkbugs, and substantial absence of vertical transmission of
Burkholderia
infection to their eggs.
In situ
hybridization confirmed localization of the
Burkholderia
in their midgut crypts. In the lygaeoid and coreoid stinkbugs, development of midgut crypts in their alimentary tract was coincident with the
Burkholderia
infection, suggesting that the specialized morphological configuration is pivotal for establishment and maintenance of the symbiotic association. The
Burkholderia
symbionts were easily isolated as pure culture on standard microbiological media, indicating the ability of the gut symbionts to survive outside the host insects. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the gut symbionts of the lygaeoid and coreoid stinkbugs belong to a β-proteobacterial clade together with
Burkholderia
isolates from soil environments and
Burkholderia
species that induce plant galls. On the phylogeny, the stinkbug-associated, environmental and gall-forming
Burkholderia
strains did not form coherent groups, indicating host–symbiont promiscuity among these stinkbugs. Symbiont culturing revealed that slightly different
Burkholderia
genotypes often coexist in the same insects, which is also suggestive of host–symbiont promiscuity. All these results strongly suggest an ancient but promiscuous host–symbiont relationship between the lygaeoid/coreoid stinkbugs and the
Burkholderia
gut symbionts. Possible mechanisms as to how the environmentally transmitted promiscuous symbiotic association has been stably maintained in the evolutionary course are discussed.
Journal Article
Insect’s intestinal organ for symbiont sorting
Symbiosis has significantly contributed to organismal adaptation and diversification. For establishment and maintenance of such host–symbiont associations, host organisms must have evolved mechanisms for selective incorporation, accommodation, and maintenance of their specific microbial partners. Here we report the discovery of a previously unrecognized type of animal organ for symbiont sorting. In the bean bugRiptortus pedestris,the posterior midgut is morphologically differentiated for harboring specific symbiotic bacteria of a beneficial nature. The sorting organ lies in the middle of the intestine as a constricted region, which partitions the midgut into an anterior nonsymbiotic region and a posterior symbiotic region. Oral administration of GFP-labeledBurkholderiasymbionts to nymphal stinkbugs showed that the symbionts pass through the constricted region and colonize the posterior midgut. However, administration of food colorings revealed that food fluid enters neither the constricted region nor the posterior midgut, indicating selective symbiont passage at the constricted region and functional isolation of the posterior midgut for symbiosis. Coadministration of the GFP-labeled symbiont and red fluorescent protein-labeledEscherichia coliunveiled selective passage of the symbiont and blockage ofE. coliat the constricted region, demonstrating the organ’s ability to discriminate the specific bacterial symbiont from nonsymbiotic bacteria. Transposon mutagenesis and screening revealed that symbiont mutants in flagella-related genes fail to pass through the constricted region, highlighting that both host’s control and symbiont’s motility are involved in the sorting process. The blocking of food flow at the constricted region is conserved among diverse stinkbug groups, suggesting the evolutionary origin of the intestinal organ in their common ancestor.
Journal Article
Confirmatory evaluation of eFUME for control of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
The governments of Australia and New Zealand require a phytosanitary treatment to control adult brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), as overwintering aggregations have been intercepted in the importation pathway of various nonhorticultural consignments, including vehicles. The commercialized fumigant, eFUME, a 16.7% by mass dilution of ethyl formate in carbon dioxide, resulted in complete control of ca. 1,000 field-collected, naturally diapausing adult H. halys in each of 3 independent trials at 10 ± 0.5 °C (x ± 2s) when ethyl formate levels in enclosure headspace were maintained steady-state at ca. 14.5 mg/liter for 4 h to yield Ct exposures ranging from 57.9 to 63.1 mg/liter h. Consistent with previous findings where greenhouse reared H. halys were controlled using laboratory formulations of this ethyl formate—carbon dioxide mixture, these confirmatory methods and results further inform technical and operational features of commercial practice.
Journal Article
Assessment of Injury by Four Major Pests in Soybean Plants Using Hyperspectral Proximal Imaging
Arthropod pests are among the major problems in soybean production and regular field sampling is required as a basis for decision-making for control. However, traditional sampling methods are laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, our goal is to evaluate hyperspectral remote sensing as a tool to establish reflectance patterns from soybean plants infested by various densities of two species of stinkbugs (Euschistus heros and Diceraeus melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)) and two species of caterpillars (Spodoptera eridania and Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)). Bioassays were carried out in greenhouses with potted plants placed in cages with 5 plants infested with 0, 2, 5, and 10 insects. Plants were classified according to their reflectance, based on the acquisition of spectral data before and after infestation, using a hyperspectral push-broom spectral camera. Infestation by stinkbugs did not cause significative differences in the reflectance patterns of infested or non-infested plants. In contrast, caterpillars caused changes in the reflectance patterns, which were classified using a deep-learning approach based on a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network. High accuracies were achieved when the models classified low (0 + 2) or high (5 + 10) infestation and presence or absence of insects. This study provides an initial assessment to apply a non-invasive detection method to monitor caterpillars in soybean before causing economic damage.
Journal Article