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An ancient but promiscuous host–symbiont association between Burkholderia gut symbionts and their heteropteran hosts
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An ancient but promiscuous host–symbiont association between Burkholderia gut symbionts and their heteropteran hosts
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Journal Article
An ancient but promiscuous host–symbiont association between Burkholderia gut symbionts and their heteropteran hosts
2011
Overview
Here, we investigated 124 stinkbug species representing 20 families and 5 superfamilies for their
Burkholderia
gut symbionts, of which 39 species representing 6 families of the superfamilies Lygaeoidea and Coreoidea were
Burkholderia
-positive. Diagnostic PCR surveys revealed high frequencies of
Burkholderia
infection in natural populations of the stinkbugs, and substantial absence of vertical transmission of
Burkholderia
infection to their eggs.
In situ
hybridization confirmed localization of the
Burkholderia
in their midgut crypts. In the lygaeoid and coreoid stinkbugs, development of midgut crypts in their alimentary tract was coincident with the
Burkholderia
infection, suggesting that the specialized morphological configuration is pivotal for establishment and maintenance of the symbiotic association. The
Burkholderia
symbionts were easily isolated as pure culture on standard microbiological media, indicating the ability of the gut symbionts to survive outside the host insects. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the gut symbionts of the lygaeoid and coreoid stinkbugs belong to a β-proteobacterial clade together with
Burkholderia
isolates from soil environments and
Burkholderia
species that induce plant galls. On the phylogeny, the stinkbug-associated, environmental and gall-forming
Burkholderia
strains did not form coherent groups, indicating host–symbiont promiscuity among these stinkbugs. Symbiont culturing revealed that slightly different
Burkholderia
genotypes often coexist in the same insects, which is also suggestive of host–symbiont promiscuity. All these results strongly suggest an ancient but promiscuous host–symbiont relationship between the lygaeoid/coreoid stinkbugs and the
Burkholderia
gut symbionts. Possible mechanisms as to how the environmentally transmitted promiscuous symbiotic association has been stably maintained in the evolutionary course are discussed.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Oxford University Press,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ Animals
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Burkholderia - classification
/ Burkholderia - isolation & purification
/ Ecology
/ Eggs
/ Gastrointestinal Tract - anatomy & histology
/ Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology
/ Heteroptera - anatomy & histology
/ Insects
/ Microbial Genetics and Genomics
/ Original
