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Pervasive Punishment
This book challenges the centrality of the prison in our understanding of punishment, inviting us to see, hear, imagine, analyse and restrain 'mass supervision'. Though rooted in social theory and social research, its innovative approach complements more conventional academic writing with photography, song-writing and storytelling.
eBook
Recommendations to Enhance Psychotherapy Supervision in Psychology
Two primary goals of clinical supervision are to promote and evaluate trainees' acquisition of professional competencies and to protect and enhance client welfare. To help supervisors achieve these goals, this article reviews the current usage and benefits of 5 important supervisory practices: direct observation (live or recorded); progress monitoring; experiential learning methods (modelling, role-playing, and providing constructive feedback based on observation); less biased summative evaluation procedures; and diversity-focused supervision. The article concludes with recommendations for research, changes in supervisory practice, and changes in the regulation of supervision and supervisor training within accreditation standards and provincial requirements for licensure.
Deux principaux objectifs de la supervision clinique consistent à promouvoir et à évaluer l'acquisition de compétences professionnelles chez les stagiaires et de protéger et améliorer le bien-être des clients. Afin d'aider les superviseurs à réaliser ces objectifs, cet article examine l'utilisation et les bienfaits actuels de cinq importantes pratiques de supervision : l'observation directe (en direct ou enregistrée); le suivi des progrès réalisés; les méthodes d'apprentissage expérientiel (modélisation, jeux de rôle, et rétroaction constructive basée sur l'observation); les procédures d'évaluation sommative moins biaisées; et la supervision axée sur la diversité. L'article se termine par des recommandations pour la recherche, des changements dans les pratiques de supervision et des changements dans la réglementation de la formation des superviseurs et de la supervision dans le respect des normes d'agrément et des exigences provinciales en matière d'autorisation d'exercer.
Public Significance Statement
Professional psychology training relies extensively on supervision to develop, maintain, and evaluate the professional competencies of psychologists-in-training and to oversee the welfare of the clients they serve. This literature review identified gaps between recommended and typical supervision of professional psychology supervisees. Recommendations to enhance the practice of supervision during the course of professional training are to incorporate direct observation, client data, experiential learning methods, unbiased evaluation methods, and a greater focus on diversity.
Journal Article
Relationships Between Supervision and Teachers’ Performance and Attitude in Secondary Schools in Malaysia
This study was carried out to determine the relationships between supervision and teachers’ performance and attitude in secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This is a quantitative study where the 5-point Likert-type-scale questionnaire was used to analyze data using descriptive and inferential statistics. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents. This study entailed respondents from various schools in one of the districts in Kuala Lumpur which comprises 200 teachers and 50 supervisors. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the status of supervision practices, teachers’ attitude toward supervision, and teachers’ level of performance after supervision. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the relationships between supervision (supervisory practices–directive, collaborative, and nondirective approach) and teachers’ performance and attitude. The current status of supervisory practices, teachers’ attitude toward supervision, and teachers’ performance after supervision is found at moderate level in secondary schools in Malaysia. As a whole, supervisory practices are not correlated with teachers’ performance and attitude. But worthy to mention, directive supervision is positively and significantly related to teachers’ performance and attitude. This study result will benefit the policy makers, school supervisors and headmasters to choose the right kind of supervisory practices which can contribute to better teaching performance.
Journal Article
Emergent linguistic structure in artificial neural networks trained by self-supervision
This paper explores the knowledge of linguistic structure learned by large artificial neural networks, trained via self-supervision, whereby the model simply tries to predict a masked word in a given context. Human language communication is via sequences of words, but language understanding requires constructing rich hierarchical structures that are never observed explicitly. The mechanisms for this have been a prime mystery of human language acquisition, while engineering work has mainly proceeded by supervised learning on treebanks of sentences hand labeled for this latent structure. However, we demonstrate that modern deep contextual language models learn major aspects of this structure, without any explicit supervision. We develop methods for identifying linguistic hierarchical structure emergent in artificial neural networks and demonstrate that components in these models focus on syntactic grammatical relationships and anaphoric coreference. Indeed, we show that a linear transformation of learned embeddings in these models captures parse tree distances to a surprising degree, allowing approximate reconstruction of the sentence tree structures normally assumed by linguists. These results help explain why these models have brought such large improvements across many language-understanding tasks.
Journal Article
Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 7. Recent advances in supervision
Background
Supervision is essential for optimizing performance and motivation of community health workers (CHWs). This paper, the seventh in our series, “Community health workers at the dawn of a new era”, supplements the existing evidence on CHW supervision in low- and middle-income countries by reviewing what supervision approaches are employed in specific contexts, identifying potential facilitators of CHW supervision including mobile health (mHealth) interventions, and noting challenges of supervision including the relationship between supervision and other CHW programme elements.
Methods
For this exploratory research study on CHW supervision, we reviewed the supervisory interventions described in a compendium of 29 case studies of large-scale CHW programmes, performed an electronic search of multiple databases to identify articles related to CHW supervision published between 15 June 2017 and 1 December 2020, and from those articles followed additional references that appeared to be relevant for our results.
Results
We reviewed 55 case studies, academic articles, and grey literature resources as part of this exploratory research. A variety of supervision approaches have been adapted over time, which we grouped into five categories: external supervision, community supervision, group supervision, peer supervision, and dedicated supervision. These approaches are frequently used in combination. Digital (mHealth) technologies are being explored as potential facilitators of CHW supervision in both small- and large-scale programmes; however, evidence of their effectiveness remains limited to date. Inadequate support for supervisors is a major challenge, particularly given the numerous and varied roles they are expected to fulfil, spanning administrative, clinical, and supportive activities. Supervisors can help CHWs acquire other critical elements needed from the health system for them to perform more effectively: incentives to foster motivation, clarity of roles and tasks, adequate tools and supplies, appropriate knowledge and skills, and a safe work environment.
Conclusion
In the absence of a universal “best approach” for CHW supervision, our recommendation is that countries and programmes prioritize homegrown evolution over time to suit the local context. In some cases, this may involve scaling up novel approaches that have proven effective at small scale or testing approaches that have worked in other countries.
Journal Article